What sounds are called phony?
What makes up the vocal sound?
What are the sounds of today?
How many vowel letters and vowel sounds are there in the Russian alphabet?
Which sweet sounds are always solid, and which ones are soft?
What kind of letters indicate the softness of a subvocal sound?

Sounds that sound like a wind is heard in the mouth of a person are called make some sounds. Every sound is made up of noise and voice, or even noise.

Today's sounds are divided into ringing and deaf. The ringing sounds are made up of noise and voice, while the deaf ones are made up of noise.

It is only from noise that sounds are formed: [k], [p], [s], [t], [f], [x], [ts], [h], [sh], [sch]. These are muffled sounds.

They create a lot of loud sounds bet for a jingle-deafness: [b] — [p], [v] — [f], [g] — [k], [d] — [t], [z] — [s], [w] — [SH].

To memorize the ringing voices, you can read the phrase: “ Lev and Toad have a lot of friends».
Div. all phrases for memorizing voiced and voiceless voices.

Deaf voices are easy to remember behind the phrase: “ STYOPKA, DO YOU WANT A CHEEK?— Ugh!».

Today's sounds are indicated by letters:

B,U,G,D,AND,Z,Y,Before,L,M,N,P,R,Z,T,F,X,C,H,Sh,SCH.

Usyogo in Russian language 21 common letters.

Today's sounds are both hard and soft.

Hard and soft sounds Languages ​​are separated into different forms when they are spoken. When voicing soft vocalizations, the middle back of the tongue is raised to a hard palate.

Most vocal sounds make bets on hardness and softness:

Such hard and soft sounds do not create steam behind the hardness and softness:

Firm	[and]	[w]	[ts]
M'yaki	[h❜]	[sch❜]	[th❜]

Table “Everyday sounds: paired and unpaired, tinkled and deaf, hard and soft” (grades 1-4)

Note: In the cobalt school, hard vocal sounds are indicated by a blue color, soft vocal sounds by a green color, and vocal sounds by a red color.

Hardness voice sounds are indicated on the sheet with voice letters A , About , U , Y , E .

Softness a vocal sound is indicated on the sheet with voice letters E, E, I, Yu, I, as well as letters b(soft sign).

Rise: nіs[nis] - nіs[n❜os], kut[kut] Vugilla[ugal❜].

Unpaired jingle sounds [й❜], [l], [l❜], [m], [m❜] [n], [n❜] [р], [р❜] are called sonorant, which in translation from Latin means “sounding”.

The sounds [zh], [sh], [ch❜], [sch❜] are called fizzy. They rejected this name for the stench because it looks like a hiss.

The sounds [zh], [sh] are unpaired solid sounds that hiss.
The sounds [h❜] and [uh❜] are unpaired soft hissing sounds.

The sounds [c], [s❜], [z], [z❜], [ts] are called whistling.

Vocal sound doesn't happen Let's strike and don't go head-to-head.

The Russian language has more vowel sounds (36) and lower vowel letters (21), while one letter can indicate both hard and soft sounds: for example, the letter L (el) means the sounds [l] and [l❜].

Respect! This sound can close the warehouse only

What is that sound? This is a minimal storehouse of human language. They are portrayed as writers. In the written form, the sounds of the letters are evident in the first square arms, which are emphasized in the phonetic transcription. Letter - oh, sound - [o]. The transcription shows the significance of the writing and the language. Apostrophe [ ‘ ] talk about the softness of vimov.

In contact with

Sounds are divided into:

• Golosni. They can be easily rolled out. When opened, the tongue does not take an active part, being fixed in one position. The sound is created by changes in the shape of the mouth, lips, different vibrations of the vocal cords and the force of the air supply. Length of voices - the basis of vocal mystique(Rospivuvannya, “sing smoothly”).
• Today's sounds are involved in the language, as, occupying the position of the song and form, it creates a transition between the wind and the legends. This should be done until noise appears in the empty mouth. At the exit, the stench turns into a sound. In the same way, the lips of a woman who walk freely move again, as if they were stooling and loosening during the hour of rinsing.

Suitable for:

• muffled and ringing sounds. The dullness and ringiness of the sound lie in the working apparatus;
• hard and soft. The sound is determined by the position of the letter in the word.

Letters that mean modern sounds

Deaf

Voiceless in Russian: [k], [p], [s], [t], [f], [x], [ts], [sh]. It’s easiest to memorize a phrase, not a set of letters, “Styopka, do you want a cheek? Fi!”, to take revenge on them.

For example, in whom all the sounds are dull: stump, stilniki, pin.

Dzvinki

When they are created, the form of speech is close to the form that vibrates the deaf, but vibration is added. The ringing sounds create active vibrations of the connections. Vibrations deform the sound tube, and it is not the pure flow of wind that is absorbed into the empty mouth, but the sound. From now on, he additionally acts with his tongue and lips.

Lie down until the chiming voices: b, c, d, d, g, z, j, l, m, n, adv.

There is clearly a sense of tension in the area of ​​the larynx. In addition, it is practically impossible to pronounce them clearly in whispers.

A word in which all the sounds of clinking sound: Rome, pride, ash, estuary.

A table of voices (voices and voices) has been compiled.

For the very reason of change, the spoken Russian language is enriched with different words, close to those written by Tavymova, but Absolutely different for meaning. For example: budynok - tom, court - sverbіzh, code - rik.

The guys are loud

What does parity mean? Two letters that are close in sound, with each language occupying similar positions, are called paired vowel sounds. Vimov's voices can be intelligently divided into one-stage (the lips and tongues take part in the creation) and two-stage - the ligaments are connected first, then the mouth. These are the situations when, when you see a hand, the company runs away and makes bets.

A table has been compiled of guys' voices with the balance of hardness and softness

We have the power not to capture the letter of the skin, but to write it. This is not due to the Russian language. This is the case in almost all languages, and especially in contrast to English. In Russian, this effect is subject to the rule: male vocal sounds are replaced (by ear) one at a time. For example: love - [L'ubof'].

Ale, not everyone keeps their pair. They are not similar in appearance nor like others – they are unpaired voices. The technique created evolves from other sounds and the group shares them.

The guys are loud

Unpaired voices

The first group can be affected by the softness. Vimov has no other analogues.

Unpaired voices fall into:

• Sonori - [y'], [l], [l'], [m], [m'], [n], [n'], [r], [r']. With their wind flow hitting the upper sky, like a dome;
• siplyachi - [x], [x'], [ts], [h'], [sch'].

The Russian language contains letters, which have complex connotations in the context. Are the sounds [h], [y], [ts], [n] dzvinki chi deaf? That's 4 letters!

Important![h] - deaf! [th] - tinkling! [ts] - you are deaf! [n] - tinkling!

Unpaired voices

Hard and soft

However, there is a stink behind the writings, but a carnage behind the sounds. Dull and clinking voices, behind the hissing wine, can be heard either firmly or softly. For example: [b] buv - [b`] biv; [T] Strum - [T `] Plin.

When you feel hard, the tip of the tongue presses to the roof of your mouth. M'yaki are pretending to be squeezed to the upper sky of the middle part of the movie.

In promo, the sound means the step behind the letterer's voice.

Golosni make bets: a-ya, y-y, e-e, s-i, o-e.

Double voices (i, e, yu, e) are formed by one of two combinations: the sound [y] and a pair of voices with E, O, U, or a soft sign and a pair of voices. For example, the cabin boy's word. It appears as [th] [y] [n] [g] [a]. Or the word is m'yata. It appears as follows: [m'] [a] [t] [a]. The voices of A, O, U, E, Y do not have a subordinate sound, so don’t get caught up in the weather, stand in front.

Butt of importance:

A spoon is a hatch, honey is a sea, a budinok is a woodpecker.

Phonetic transcription:

[Spoon] – [L’uk], [mo’d] – [sea], [house] – [d’a t e l].

Vimovi rules:

• solids appear before A, Pro, U, E, Y. Nariv, bik, beech, bentley, minule;
• m'yaki appear before I, E, Yu, E, I. Pomsta, honey, whale, puree, mint;
• The firmaments are shown that after them there is another sound: death. After the voice [s] there is a voice [m]. Regardless of this, myak M, the link is hard, S appears firmly;
• the firmament seems to be The letter remains with the word: class, budinok;
• The voices before the voice [e] in positional words appear firmly as before the [e]. For example: muffler - [k] [a] [w] [n] [e];
• always pulp before b: elk, pulp.
• faults from the rules:
  • forever solids F, W, C: life, thorns, cyanide;
  • firstly myaki Y, Ch, Sh: white, black, pike.

Respect! The letter deaf does not always mean the same sound. This is to lie in the background of the word.

Hard and soft sounds

Stunned

Russian language has the concept of deafening - actions the bells sound like they are deaf listen to the sounds of the bet.

This is not a defect in the language, but, on the contrary, it is important for the criteria of purity and correctness. But as a rule, it works only with guys in a loud voice. For example, [g] in language is often replaced by [x]. There is a defect, fragments of [g], close to [x], are respected with the original rice of the Ukrainian language. Their adoption by the Russian promotion is incorrect. Blame is the word God.

Apply the rules:

• The letter remains the same in the word: tooth - [tooth], polonka - [about r u p'];
• After the letter there is a dull voice: siroizhka - [sirova Shka].

The gate process is ringing. It means that in the language deaf people are seen as guys with calls. The ringing is true, if you stand in front of the ringing voices: please - [z d'elka].

Today's jingles and dull hards and softs

Today the sounds are jingling and dull. Russian language lesson for 5th grade

KDBOU "Slavgorod Zagalnosvitnya Boarding School"
Altai region m. Slavgorod
To help children separate and correctly imbibe the sounds of their children
PB, TD, KM
(Consultation for fathers)
Speech therapist Gurova I.M.

How to separate children and live correctly in the natural world and the deaf
phony sounds
In the process of forming sounds in children, beware of differences
replace sounds. These replacements may be unstable and incremental, with increasing
the vocabulary stock and the expansion of phrasal language are known. Up to 4 – 5 rocks can
You will lose permanent replacements for those sounds that children cannot understand. Children
replace them with sounds similar to their sounds or articulation (by
vimovi). With normal sound formation, the child is guilty of up to
6 Tips: Make sure you understand all the sounds of your native language correctly and don’t mix them up with your native language.
However, children are learning how to properly grasp and remove the jingles (B, D, D) and
voiceless (P, T, K) sounds, but sometimes they are compared and mixed in English, in order to replace
Some of these sounds vikorize the other (B – P, D – T, R – Do). Tsi sounds loom
however, articulation. The bells are ringing for the deaf, the importance of the voice
when illuminated.
This can be explained approximately like this: “There’s something alive in your throat.”
little voice. When you sleep, the night is quiet, and when you wake up, you fall asleep, then the walls
wake up to slow down. Let’s listen to the voice singing.”
Place the back of the child’s hand on the front surface of your neck,
Find out the ringing and dull sounds through each other (it’s better to take a couple of sounds first
F, because they can be caught for a long time, and their fate is easier
voices illuminate the ringing sound). Consistently promoting sounds, you will see
Children may be able to feel the vibration of the vocal cords if you
catch the sound U (shards of illumination of the ringing sound take the fate of the voice - “voice”
having woken up and sleeping so loudly that the walls of the day are shaking"), and the baby is inaudible
vibrations from the quivering of the vocal cords, if you pronounce the sound F (bo
in light of the dull sound, the voice does not take part - “the voice sleeps, the song does not sleep, and
Do not shake the walls of the booth”).
Then ask the child to press the back of one hand to
the front surface of your neck, the other - up to yours and align your waist with
yours. Using the same method, you can teach your child to separate other pairs of sounds.
(B – P, D – T, R – Do).
When you begin to read and write, it is impossible to separate sounds that may appear on
sheets: children write as they seem. Required before entering school
teach the child how to dissect and correctly experience the sounds (so that
differentiate їх). For whose grown up responsibility I would like to take care of the
with a length of ten to fifteen hvilins.
When working with children, it is necessary to take care of the following:

1. You can’t force a child to get busy, she needs to get busy, want to, and for
What kind of activity would be better to do at the form of gris?
2. Children will move on to their next rights, having already acquired
in front.
3. Start skin activities as quickly as possible by repeating what you have done before.
right, as a child easily wins, and after all, give one new
right.
4. The one who is guilty of taking care of a child is the one who correctly understands the sounds P - B,
T - D, K - G and do not interfere with them.
Below is a description of the right - the games are intended for fathers.
The child is responsible for carrying out their care in adults in sequence,
given in the description of skin management.
First proceed to the differentiation of two sounds that mix, interchange,
So that a child can correctly understand them in words. Contact us
Which you can, if you respectfully carry out the first two rights.
DIFFERENTIATION T – D
1. “LET'S GO AT THE CARRIAGE”
the sound T and instantly increase respect
child for those who are illuminated by the sound of T voice
don't take part.
see the sound T (which guesses the sound,
What kind of wheels do you see when a carriage collapses?
- TTT...). Return the respect of the child to those
So if we see the sound T, then the voice
“sleep” and don’t stir the bed. If the child got into trouble with someone, apply
the back of the hand to the front surface of the neck. Follow, baby
finding the sound T quietly and without adding vocals (not TE, TA, TU, TI, but T), so
as the voice takes part in the illumination of vocal sounds, and thus the child experiences vibration

є sound T, and tell the child to name them, for example: slippers, watermelon, poplars,
shoes, jacket, pitching, tsukerki, coat, ticket, buffet etc. Tell the child what the sound is
You appear quietly, without a voice. Then try to propagate it yourself
and pronounce words with the sound T.

2. “WHAT IS THE BIGGER SLOT THE BETTER PRICE?”
Meta to the right: re-verify the vim sound D
and instantly increase the child’s respect for those in
Illuminate the sound and take the fate of the voice.
Propose the child a few times, without haste,
make the sound D (as a hammer works -
DDD...). Return the child's respect to those who
We can see the sound D, then the voice “sings”, and the walls of the daylight
chatter. If the child got into trouble with someone, apply
the back of the hand to the front surface of the neck.
Then select pictures from images of objects named
є sound D, and tell the child to name them, for example: dacha, dinya, budinok, oak,
water, pillow, berries, water and etc. In this case, you cannot take words, de sound D st.
the end of the word (lid) or before the voiceless voice (choven), because in these cases the sound D
murmurs and speaks quietly, without a voice, like T.M.
Tell the child that the sound D appears loudly, loudly. Then
try to teach your child to guess and understand the words with the sound D.
3. “Guess WHAT IS IT?”
Change it to the right: learn how to dismember a child
the sounds T and D are placed at different times.
Place the back of the child's hand until
the front surfaces are wide and not hasty,
through the words, make the sounds T and D; ditina
obviously guilty of showing or
a picture that shows a carriage (Yakscho
I hear the sound T), or in the picture, which one
a hammer is depicted (you can hear the sound
D). Then you point to picture h
carriage, then in the picture with a hammer, and the child obviously calls either
the sound T, or the sound D, controlling your hand with the back of your hand,
4. "LISTEN CAREFULLY"
Meta to the right: teach your child to see the sounds T and D from words and not mix them up
Ex.
Place a picture with your right hand on top of a hammer,
and the left hand - a picture of a carriage painted on it.

of which is the sound T abo D (for example: booth, shoes,
dacha, dinya, pitching, poplars, berries, tsukerki etc.).

arrange them in two piles (under the pictures with
with a hammer and a wagon). What's the name
pictures є sound D (as in Swedish
for many times the vigoloshenno guesses drib
hammer), then it needs to be placed under
a picture with a hammer, and the sound T (which represents the sound of wheels
carriage), then you need to place a picture of a carriage under it.

what kind of car is daubed and a heavy hammer. A grown-up man speaks different words.
If a child senses the sound T in a word, he must point to the picture with the carriage, and
If you hear the sound D, then look at the picture with a hammer.
5. “BE RESPECTIVE, AMAZE,
REPEAT WITHOUT MERCY"
Meta right: learn how to disassemble a child correctly
detect T and D sounds in warehouses.
Propose the child to repeat after the adult in pairs of folds, finishing
given by the fathers the sequence: TADA, TO TO, THERE, TI
DI. When repeated, adults must change the sequence
warehouses: DATE, TODO, DUTY, TIDI, etc.
You need to make sounds loudly and clearly. If repeated, move the adult to the right
covers his mouth with a piece of paper (three-fold paper at a distance of 15-20 cm from the mouth),
So that the child does not emphasize her articulation, but repeats it by ear.

Meta to the right: show the child that by changing the sound you can
change and replace words.
Encourage the child to correctly repeat two words after an adult,
which changes in differentiated sounds T and D changes
Sens. The child is guilty after repeating the skin steam on the left to open them
meaning and indicate which words have the sound T and which have the sound D:
“tushushka, dotdochka, Tom budinok, catkadushka, tіnden, kachka
wood, travadrova, tina Dina ta in.”

Meta right: teach the child not to make fun of him
sounds T and D, when the smells are concentrated in one i
same words.
A child can repeat the words of an adult (and
Let's get older and pick up pictures like this
objects, which are named instantly
the sounds T and D become stronger, and correctly їх
name): doctor, children, kindergarten, sledopit,
woodpecker, daddy and in.
8. “WHO CAN IMAGINE BETTER?”
Meta right: teach the child
correctly imitate the sounds T and D
phrases.

For pictures, Wikorystani in
front to the right, the child is guilty
skew the proposition and view it correctly
sti їх. It is necessary to ensure that the proposition
boules
A
make it wider
zmіstovnymi,
tsikavimi and not similar one to one.
Remember to combine the proposition from the picture,
It shows one item that a child needs for school. There are no necessary items
pictures, then the adult names the word, and the child guesses from this word
proposition, request, speech. You can add the element of gris to the right, having proponated zmagatisya,
who is the one who has created a proposition with this word. From now on
The proposition may be formed by adults, and then proponated as a child.
For example, with the word “woodpecker” you can combine the following phrases: “on a walk in the forest”
Chuli, like a woodpecker having added a tree" and "a woodpecker cleans the tree for caterpillars, beetles and
Other comas."
single-warehouse,

of an object, one of them has the sound T, the name of another has the sound D. Right away

Bil
She follows the sounds T and D, and the child is responsible for repeating them correctly.

Luda bought two spools of thread.
Toma gave Tolya some wood.
Natasha poured a lot of water at the tub.
Tanya asked Dasha a riddle.
Football players go to the stadium.
9. Learn riddles from the child
(A child can correctly identify the sounds T and D in all words).
Two leaves grew in the forest,
Two girls were clapping in a thunderstorm,
Two girls walked through the forest,
Two little girls were joking around.
(Deer)
"Monster's house"
There was a white budinok,
Monster wake-up call
And something started knocking in the new one,
And it broke up, and it was a miracle to live.
So warm, so fluffy and gold.
(Egg and curcha)

DIFFERENTIATION P - B
1. “STEAM LOGO PIHAYE”
Meta to the right: re-verify the sound P,
instantly unleash respect on those in
Illuminate the sound and don’t take part in the voice.
Propose the child more than once, without haste,
vimoviti sound P (like a steam locomotive is shoving - PPP...).
Return the child’s respect to those we can imagine
sound P, voice “sleep”, and don’t shake the walls of the alarm. Shchob
The baby has changed into this, put the back side on it
hands on the front surface of the neck. Follow, baby
pronouncing the sound P quietly and without adding vocals (that is
not PE, PA, PI, PU, ​​but P), fragments in the awareness of voices
The voice takes part in sounds, and therefore the child experiences vibration
sounds like the vibration of the vocal cords.
Then select pictures from images of objects named
є sound P, and tell the child to name them, for example: club, folder, rough,
cloth, cap, cabbage, linden, antelope, soup that in. Tell the child what the sound is P

pronounce words with the sound P.
2. “Drum make up”
Meta to the right: check the vim sound B and turn it up at the same time
I respect the children who have illumined the sound of B taking the fate of the voice.

Propose the child several times
vimovit sound B (like hitting a stick with a stick)
drum - BBB...). Return the child's respect to
those that if we perceive the sound B, then the voice
“sleeping,” and the walls of the day are rattling. Shchob ditina
Having changed into this, apply the back side of the yoga
hands on the front surface of the neck.
Then select pictures from the images
objects whose names have the sound B, and
tell the children to name them, for example: bow,
banana, boti, barrel, snowstorm, namisto, bun, dog, album, bobi and in.
take the words, where the sound B stands next to the word (mushroom) or before a dull voice
(Fish), so as in these cases the sound B is deafened and heard quietly, without a voice, as
P. Tell the child that the sound B is heard vocally, vocally. Then try it
Encourage the child to guess and understand the words with the sound B.
3. “Guess what?”
Meta right: teach the baby to make sounds
P and B for її set.
Place the back of the child’s hand to yours
larynx and quickly, through the sounds of P and B.
The child is obviously guilty of showing or showing
a picture that shows a steam locomotive (as I sense
sound P), or in the picture that shows the drum
(I hear the sound B). Then you show it on
a picture with a steam locomotive, then a picture with a drum, and
The child consistently names either the P sound or the B sound, controlling her
with the back of your hand applied to the front surface of your hand
shii.
4. “LISTEN WITH RESPECT!”
Meta right: teach the baby to see sounds
Don't mix up these words.
Place the right hand in front of the child the picture on which
the drum is daubed, and the picture is daubed, on which
painted steam locomotive. Select pictures of objects,
the names of which are the sound P abo B (for example: squirrel,
club, panama, loaf, soup, dog, cabbage, linden, nasto i
in). Propose the children by taking the named pictures and placing them in two piles (under

pictures of a drum and a steam locomotive). Because the name of the picture contains the sound B, її
You need to put it under the picture with the drum, and if there is a sound P, then - under the picture with
by steam locomotive.
This whole process will then be carried out differently. The child is given pictures,
such a painted drum and locomotive. A grown-up man speaks different words. Yakshcho
The child senses the sound P in the word, he must point to the picture with a steam locomotive, and
I feel the sound B - in the picture with the drum.
5. “BE RESPECTIVE, AMAZE, REPEAT WITHOUT MERCY”
Meta to the right: learn to separate the child and correctly identify the sounds P and
Used warehouses.
The child is obliged to repeat after the adult in pairs the movements, achieving such
sequence: PABA, POBO, PUBU, PI B. When repeated, right
It is necessary to arrange the warehouses in a different order: BAPA, POBO, BEEP, PUBA, etc.
6. “WHAT IS THE SOUND Having guessed, saying the correct word”
Meta right: show the child what s
By changing the sound you can change the words.
Propose the child correctly and repeat for
Let's grow up two words, which have a change
Differential sounds P and B change sense: club
- beam, nirka - barrel, rillya - bashta, Panya - bathhouse,
shut up - take it away. After repeating skin steam
It’s up to the child to reveal their meaning
Say, some words have a P sound, and some have a B sound.
7. “LOOK AT THE PICTURE, IT’S NAME IS TRUE”
Meta to the right: teach your child not to mix the sounds P and B, if it stinks
are condensed in the same word.

Ditina can correctly repeat for
Let's grow up the words (and better yet, let's grow up the words
pictures of such objects, in the names of which
the sounds P and B become sharper at the same time, and correctly
Their names are: deck, casing, seal, armored armor
Riding, surfing, trouble, victory, etc.
8. “WHO CAN IMAGINE BETTER?”
Meta right: teach the child to correctly imitate the sounds P and B
phrases.
The child is responsible for the pictures located in the front right
slant of propositions. If there are no necessary pictures, then the adult names the word, and
The child infers a proposition from this word. For example, with the word “deck”
you can compose the following phrases: “passengers of the steamship walked on the deck” or “sailors
mop the deck."
You can put propositions behind two pictures, and at the name
of an object, one of them has the sound P, the name of another has the sound B. Right away
As adults, you can guess the propositions behind the pictures yourself, trying to enter them
more words with the sounds P and B, and the child can repeat them correctly.
Propositions can be like this:
Kolya caught the snowstorm and planted it in a jar.
Lyuba served grandma white khustka.
The dog Bobik brought Boris a club.
Bella was swimming by the pool.
Petro boat on the deck of the motor ship "Peremoga".

(A child can correctly identify the sound P and B in all words).
I'm walking through the green madder forest,
I'll take the mushrooms into the box,
I take Rizhiki to the aspen forest,
Along the birch forest - birch trees,
Along the pine stumps - openki,
And under the yalinka there is a white mushroom.

"Bathhouse"
Mom made lazna,
She took Panka in her arms.
Through all this kuchuguri Mom carried Panka into the lazna.
Panka became horny like birch porridge.
The hair in the meadow has become softer.
The axis came from Lazna Panka,
Sat down at the table,
Kazhe:
- Today's laznya It was very hot.
DIFFERENTIATION K - G
1. “PIHAYE RINK”
Meta to the right: re-verify the visual sound and immediately turn it around
I respect the children of those who are illumined by the sound Until the voice takes part.

vimovity sound K (like a sheepskin shoves, when
asphalt the street - KKK...). Regain respect
ditini on those that if we see the sound K, then
the voice “sleep”, and the walls of the little day do not stir. Shchob re
the child, having changed his mind, apply a thin back
your hands on the front surface of your neck. Follow,
so that the girl could see the sound until quietly and without
adding voices (not KE, KA, KI, KU, but
K), fragments from the light of vocal sounds take part in the voice, and then the child learns
vibration due to the vibration of the vocal cords.

Then select pictures from images of objects named
є sound Do, and tell the child to name them, for example: stone, jacket, doll,
clown, jingle, pitching, squirrel, poppy, spider, hammer, etc. Tell the child what the sound is Do
appears quietly, without a voice. Then try to guess it yourself
pronounce words with the sound Do.
2. “GEESE COOKING”
Meta right: check Vimova
the sound of G and instantly increase the child’s respect for
those who are illuminated by the sound take the fate of the voice.
Propose the child a few times, without haste,
make the sound R (like geese pray - YYY...).
Return the child's respect to those who
You can see the sound G, then the voice “sings”, and the walls of the box
chatter. If the child got into trouble with someone, apply
the back of your hand to the front surface
shii. Then select pictures from the images
objects, the names of which have the sound G, and
Tell the children to name them, for example: newspaper, pigeon, gander, shoe polish, caterpillar,
flowers, kut, carriage, leg and in. With whom it is impossible to take words, where the sound G stands at face value
words (pirіg) or before a deaf voice (нігти), because in these cases the sound G
listen and say quietly, without a voice, like Before or X. Tell the child what the sound is
It speaks loudly, with a voice.
Then try to encourage your child to come up with and understand the words themselves
sound G.
3. “Guess what?”
Move to the right: teach the child to separate the sounds Do and P behind them.
Place the back of your child’s hand on the front surface of your neck
without haste, through the sounds of K and G, the child is obviously guilty
Show either the picture that shows a sheepskin (as you can hear the sound K) or
a picture depicting geese (they hear the sound R). Then you show those
to the picture with the skating rink, then to the picture with the geese, and the child obviously calls either
sound K or sound G, controlling your visual side with the back of your hand,
applied to the front surface of your neck.
4. “LISTEN WITH RESPECT!”

Meta right: learn to see the child
sounds K and G and words and do not mix them up.
Place the right-handed picture in front of the child, on
with which the gander is daubed, and the evil one with the picture on
what kind of tarpaulin is daubed.
Select pictures with objects in the title
some є sound GABO K (for example: jacket, blue,
dzvin, carriage, flowers, pitching, hustka, etc.).
Propose the child, taking and naming pictures,
spread them out into two piles (under the pictures of a goose and a roller). What's the name
pictures have the sound G, then they need to be placed under the picture with a goose, and if there is a sound K, then
You need to place a picture of a sheepskin under the picture.
This task will then be carried out in a different way. The child is given pictures,
such a gander and a sheepskin are daubed. A grown-up man speaks different words. I'm a child
feels the sound K in a word, you have to point to the picture with the skating rink, and if you feel the sound
G, then - to the picture of the goose.
5. “BE RESPECTIVE, AMAZE,
REPEAT WITHOUT MERCY"
Meta right: learn to disassemble the child and
correctly identify the sounds of Do and R in warehouses.
Propose the child to repeat after the adult in pairs
warehouses that follow the following sequence: KAGA, WHOM,
KIGI, KUGU. If repeated, it is necessary to do so
arrange warehouses in a different order: GAKA, KAGA, GIKI,
KUGU, GOKO Toscho.
6. “WHAT IS THE SOUND Having guessed, saying the correct word”
Meta to the right: show children that by changing the sound they can change and
sense words.
Pronounce correctly repeat after an adult two words, which have a change
differentiated sounds K and G the senses change: viburnum - Galina, kil - goal, kistki
- guests, caviar - gra, bark - mountain, ear - voice too. bud. After recurrence of skin
In this case, the child must reveal its semantic meaning and indicate in which word
the sound is Do, and for everyone the sound is R.

7. “LOOK AT THE PICTURE, IT’S NAME IS TRUE”
Meta right:
learn
baby don't mix up the sounds
G, when the stench swells in
one and the same word.
Right
behind
Ditina is guilty
Let's grow up and pick up pictures from
let's grow words (or better yet
name them instantly
such items
the sounds K and G become more pronounced, and they are called correctly): hammock, sponge, head, clove,
nut, book, gosling, viper, etc.
repeat

8. “WHO CAN IMAGINE BETTER?”
Meta right: teach the child to correctly imitate the sounds K and R in phrases.
Refer to the child according to the picture that the name of the object is offensive to
differentiation of sound, slant of speech. You can vikorist for pictures of
front right. Since there are no pictures, the adult says the word, and the child
From this word a proposition is inferred. For example, with the word “book” you can
make up the following phrases: “Koli and Galya, before the new fate, gave us so many books” or
“Katya is reading Gaidar’s book “Chuk ta Gek.”
You can put propositions behind two pictures, and at the name
the subject of one of them may be the sound Before, in the name of another - R. Spochatku
As adults, you can guess the propositions behind the pictures yourself, trying to enter them
There are more words with the sounds Do and P, and the child can repeat them correctly.
Propositions can be like this:
Galya helps dig the beds.
Gena downloaded this snow breast.
Galina sat under the viburnum.
The jackdaws screamed loudly.
Katya loves doll Galya with her soft sponge.
9. to marry the child of the world
(A child can correctly identify the sounds Do and P in all words).

"Kostin's guests"
For guests On Vikno
Siple Kostya pshono,
Place water on a saucer:
Stop drinking the stench.
Guests drink and eat,
They shave, they fight.
Vіdlitati Don't want,
In your hands,
Chi doesn't come easily.
Who are the guests at Kostya’s party?
"Kuku"
I'm walking on the pocket
I look after the Zozulya.
On high on the bitch
Where are you? - Kuku!
Kuku, kuku, kuku!
I'll sit down on a tree stump
I hear your voice.
On high on the bitch
Sleep to my little song: kuku!
Kuku, kuku!
In case of systematic training, which is carried out over a period of 2-3 months,
The child continues to mix sounds or replace the same sound with different ones
sounds, you need to contact a speech therapist.

Rules of Russian spelling and punctuation. Senior Academician Volodymyr Volodimirovich Lopatin

Dull and ringing voices

Dull and ringing voices

§ 79. Zagalne rule. Guys muffled sounds p, f, t, s(and all other meats), do, w at the end of words and before voiceless vowels they can be transmitted literally to letters P or else b, f or else V, T or else d, h or else h, before or else G, w or else and . These letters can transmit paired jingle sounds b, c, d, h(and all other meats), g, f in front of the guys with their jingling voices (crime V). In order to correctly write the vowel letter in these forms, you need to choose another form of the same word or another word in the same significant part of the word (the same roots, prefixes, suffixes) the vowels of the inversions appear before the vocal or before the vowels r, l, m, n, v(and other soft ones), as well as before j(on the sheet - before the separate ones ъ і b , Div. § 27-28). Apply:

Dates in roots and suffixes:

1) for example words: du b (even. oak, oak), glu P (bad, bad), gra b (rob), si P (sipati), ale h (wear), in h (drive), th d (Roku), kro T (mole), squad T (weapons), hand V (sleeves), kro V (blood, blood), shtra f (fines, penalize, penalty), vi mo before (vimokati, moknuti, wet), blue before (sintsi), mo G (maybe, could), mali w (baby, little one), montu and (installation, installation), draw and (tremble, tremble); por. tired s (frosty, frosty, frosty) that tired sya (gloomy, gloomy);

2) before shouting:

a) in front of the deaf: du b ki(even. dubi, oak), shaking P ka (ganchira, ganchira, ganchira, ganchira), ku P Qia (merchant), O V Qia (sheep), lo V cue (spritny), hand V chick (sleeves), shka f chick (shafi), neither h cue (low), mi h ka (bowls), Va sya ka (Vasya), Ku s ka (Kuzya, Kuzma), ka d ka (little boy), meh T cue (marks), before G you (claw), lo before you (likot), be G quality (I'm begging, big), lo and ka (spoon, spoon), room w ka (rooms), krill w before (Krelets); por. alternately and ku (intersperse) that alternately w ku (stir), su P chick (soup and) that su b chick (subject);

b) in front of the guys (crime) V): molo t ba (thresh), matchmaker yeah ba (cheerful, cheerful; don't misinterpret the word matchmaker), xo yeah ba (walk), about sya ba (ask), re s ba (rezati), vil w ba (charming), bo and ba (swear), nonsense and So (fortune teller), and gu (scorch, scorch), and date (checkati).

Blame: in words openі rosecritius write h I want to say open up(Xia), open(Xia) that open up(Xia), rosekriti(Xia). In words abstraction, reaction, correction write before (wanting abstract, reaguvati, koriguvati), in the word transcription write P (wanting transcribe); In these cases, the drawings of the vowels in Movi-Dzherel (Latin) are displayed on the sheet. About the relationship type prognosis - prognostic, diagnosis - diagnostics div. § 81, paragraph 2, Note 1.

Note. Every word has a letter G sound is transmitted X: God (gods, gods), light, lightweight (easy), soft, soft (soft, soft). Words soft, soft, roseyakshiti etc. should not be verified with words like soft, soft, soft, soft.

Zgodni at the consoles (in front of the deaf or boyish tinkling voices, cream V): V walk, V beati(even. get out, get in), on d stab (to cut, to tear), O b tisati, oh b lubricate (chop off, chop off, wrap around), O T talk about T click about T for the sake of (learn), By d throw it, d throw it, d posilati (bring, send), h robiti, h be cunning (zumіti, soak, call), Pre d karpattya (Peredurallya).

Note. About the spelling of prefixes that end in h , Div. § 82.

§ 80. The spelling of unverified vowels at the roots is indicated in the word order, for example: A b Sep, a b solute, ane before DotA P theca, and P Sida, and h best, but f Ghanaians, V friend, before hall, V thorium, G de, zi G zag, cosmona V t, about b oh P that about f set, ryu before zach, h Bruya, then G So, f thor, ugh T bol, e before replacement.

The additions to the prefixes, suffixes, and endings are not verified.

Consoles. Litera before write on consoles ex-і extra-: ex-champion, ex-president, extraterritorial, extraordinary, extra-class. Litera h write to the bailiff dis-: disqualification, discomfort, disproportion, disharmony, imbalance; equally, however, disassociation, disjunction where before the vocal and before j to be seen and written h .

Sufix. Litera V written in the suffixes diєprikmetniki and diєprislivniki ?vsh(ій), ?lice, ?in: having taken, having read, having taken, having taken, having read; letterer and - in suffixes of adjectives ? times: two times, one time, several times; letterer d before ts - in numbers that will end on ?ten, ?neven: twenty, thirty, eleven, sixteen.

Finished. Litera V written according to the form of the row. p.m. including names of type budinkov, place, stiltsiv; letterer T - For example, forms of 3 individuals. and a lot of others. including words: know, sleep, write, paint, walk, mutter; letters w - For example, the shape of 2 individuals is the same. year. - Bud. o'clock: you know, write, walk, dasi.

§ 81. Words with added voices sk, st, zg, zd. In these everyday stories, the first voice is undeniable. When writing words to replace groups of words that often converge, it is necessary to follow the current patterns of letter formation.

1. Russian language has no basics that end in letters sg, sd , but not based on zg, zh (b ); written: cerebrum (brain), mud, heather, debris; drizz, spromozhny, flowers, nest, star, train, passage etc. The roots are written on the cob zg, zh: no way (can not see), here, healthy, waking up; blame: zdoba, zdobny.

2. At the end of the basics, letters are more important sk, st (b ); written: start (launch), poshuk, rizik, tight, gloss, arabesque, Bryansk, Kursk annotations with suffix ?sk- (Tsarsky, Primorsky, Factory); tail, leaf, ridge, bush, place, bye, simple, clean, place, zardrist, hatred, words with suffixes ?ist (guitarist, football player), ?is (sweetness, greediness), ?ist(th) (hunchbacks, distortions), ?ast(th) (rude, toothy). The same thing st - in suffixes ?stv(O) (wealth, chaklunism, Cossackism), ?(th) (nightlife), ?stvova(t) (be angry, don't sleep), at the bailiff fast- (postmodernism, postradyansky), to finish ?st (give it, nabridna).

On the beginning of the basics and the roots of the letter zk, zz vіdsutnі, and are written sk, st , eg: scrape, creak, fortress, wall, stogin, steps, edge.

Note 1. Letter received st at the warehouse of the basics of names and appendages, they are written in the same way as in the place st in other controversial words it means zm , eg: sarcastic(even. sarcasm), spastic, spastic (spasm), atavistic (atavism), aphoristic, aphoristic (aphorism), snobbish (snobbery), bolshovitsky (bolshovism), enthusiast (enthusiasm); in many words (differently positioned) st confirms in the same words it is suitable h: prognostic, prognostic (forecast), diagnostic, diagnostics, diagnostics (diagnosis), paraphrastic (paraphrase), periphrastic (paraphrase).

Note 2. Letter received zt It is limited only to the stem of the root from the suffix of the unindicated form (infinitive) of the word: climb, grizzly, lift, carry; letters obtained zk - only on the stick of the root and suffix ?To-, eg: close, disgusting, butter, vizok, grandma. Good for all types of attacks h must be verified by the legal rule § 79.

§ 82. Prefixes that end in salary. Consoles without-, up-, through-, w-, down-, once- (Trojan), through- (through-) are written with a special rule: before the letters, which convey deaf voices ( to, p, s, t, f, x, c, year, w, sch), they write the letter h , and in other cases - the letter h , eg: uncolored, zorati, speedy, flatten, wither, count, knock down, trample, rozpack, rozhdy, rastsіnka, rozvoshit, splintering, painting, oversmuga; ale: mediocre, weak-willed, without relish, bezvidmovny, nap, wake up, beat, wear out, know, cut, rozshuk, through grains, supramundane.

Note. At the warehouse station speed- the letter is written h: spіdloba, low, below.

From the books of the Great Radyanska Encyclopedia (GL) by the author Wikipedia

From the books of the Great Radyanska Encyclopedia (DR) by the author Wikipedia

From the books of the Great Radyanska Encyclopedia (ZV) by the author Wikipedia

From the books of the Great Radyanska Encyclopedia (IM) by the author Wikipedia

From the books of the Great Radyanska Encyclopedia (LA) by the author Wikipedia

From the books of the Great Radyanska Encyclopedia (NA) by the author Wikipedia

From the books of the Great Radyanska Encyclopedia (CO) by the author Wikipedia

From the books of the Great Radyanska Encyclopedia (FA) by the author Wikipedia

From the books of the Great Radyanska Encyclopedia (FR) by the author Wikipedia

From the books of the Great Radyanska Encyclopedia (EK) by the author Wikipedia

From the book Suchasna Russian language. Practical guide author Guseva Tamara Ivanivna

From the book Dovidnik on spelling and stylistics author Rosenthal Ditmar Elyashevich

From the book Dovidnik on spelling, typing, literary editing author Rosenthal Ditmar Elyashevich

3 books by the author

2.15. Tinkers and dull sounds are distinguished not only by hardness/softness, but also by tinkling/dullness. When the end bells are spoken, the voices are deafened: oak - du[p], flood - zal[f], stack - stack[k]. However, replacing the voice-vocal [r] with vimov

3 books by the author

§ 8. Dzvinki and unvoiced words 1. To check the spelling of a doubtful year, you need to change the form of the word or choose a controversial word, so that after the year, then check it, standing a voiced sound or one of the vowel sounds l, m, n, adv. For example: mastilo - zmastiti, threshing -

3 books by the author

§ 8. Dzvinki and unvoiced words 1. To check the spelling of a doubtful year, you need to change the form of the word or choose a controversial word, so that after the year, then check it, standing a voiced sound or one of the vowel sounds l, m, n, adv. For example: mastilo - zmastiti, threshing -

Whose section:

§1. Sound

Sound- The minimum unit of speech to sound. Every word contains a sound envelope that is composed of sounds. The sounds correspond to the meanings of the words. Different words and word forms have different sound patterns. The sounds themselves are not significant, but the stench plays an important role: the stench helps us to discern:

• words: [budinok] - [tom], [tom] - [there], [m'el] - [m'el']
• form the word: [dіm] - [lady'] - [house].

Restore respect:

words written in square arms are given in the transcription.

§2. Transcription

Transcription- This is a special recording system that displays sound. The transcription has the following symbols:

Square arms, which indicate transcription.

[ '] - Naked voice. The voice is put when the word is formed more than one word.

[b'] - the icon of the hand from the vocal means its softness.

[j] and [th] - different assignments to the same sound. The fragments of this sound are soft, often these symbols are used with additional meanings of softness: , [th']. On this site the designation [th'] is adopted, which is more important for most boys. The pictogram of softness will be vikoristan, so that you can make a sound so that this sound is soft.

Discover other symbols. The smells will be introduced step by step, making the world aware of the topic.

§3. Voices and voices

Sounds are divided into voices and voices.
The stench mars nature. Stinks are detected and perceived in different ways, and also appear in different ways in the language and play different roles in it.

Golosny- these are sounds that, in the event of any kind of wind, it is easy to pass through an empty company without crossing your path. Vimova (articulation) is not focused in one place: the intensity of the voices is indicated by the shape of the empty mouth, which acts as a resonator. When articulating the vocal cords, the vocal cords at the larynx are activated. The stench is close, tense and vibrating. Therefore, when voiced, we feel a voice. You can call the voice box. You can scream. And if you put your hand to your throat, then the work of the vocal cords in case of voiceless vocal cords can be controlled with your hand. Golosni is the basis of the warehouse, they organize it. The word has many warehouses, like voices. For example: Vin- 1 warehouse, she- 2 warehouses, Guys- 3 folds, etc. There are words that are composed of one vocal sound. For example, splits: i, a ta viguki: Oh!, Ah!, Oooh! and others.

The word voice can be in shock and unguarded warehouses.
Shock warehouse one in which the voice is clearly visible and appears in its main appearance.
U unbarred warehouses Voices change, appear differently. The exchange of loud voices in unvoiced warehouses is called reduction.

There are six stressed voices in the Russian language: [a], [o], [u], [i], [i], [e].

Remember:

There are powerful words that can be formed from vocal ones, but today they are also necessary.
The Russian language has a lot more voices, but fewer voices.

§4. Method of creating vocals

Zhidni- these are the sounds that, when spoken, the wind sharpens its path to cross the code. Russian language has two types of transition: slit and bow - these are the two main ways of creating vowels. The type of distortion determines the nature of the subvocal sound.

Shchilina It is created, for example, when voicing sounds: [s], [z], [w], [z]. The tip of the tongue is less close to the lower and upper teeth. Longer voices can be pulled: [s-s-s-s], [sh-sh-sh-sh] . As a result, you will feel the noise well: when voiced [c] - whistling, and when voiced [w] - fizzy.

Zmichka, Another type of articulation of vocals is established when the organs of the language are condensed. The flow of wind sharply contributes to this transition, the sounds come out short and energetic. That's why the stench is called vibukhov. You won't be able to push them. Such, for example, sounds [p], [b], [t], [d] . This kind of articulation is easier to notice and notice.

Well, with the loud voices there is a little noise. The presence of noise is the noticeable sign of voices.

§5. Clinks and dull voices

Behind the related noise and voice it is appropriate to divide into ringing and deaf.
When spoken dzvinkih today there is a little voice and noise, and deaf- Just a little noise.
Deaf people cannot speak vocally. You can't shout out.

Let's compare the words: boothі Kit. Each word has a 1st voice sound and 2 vowel sounds. The voices are different, however: [d] and [m] are ringing, and [k] and [t] are unvoiced. Dullness and deafness are the most important sign of voices in the Russian language.

bet for sound-deafness:[b] - [p], [z] - [c] and others. There are 11 such pairs.

Pairs according to deafness: [p] and [b], [p"] and [b"], [f] and [v], [f"] and [v"], [k] and [g], [k"] i [g", [t] i [d], [t"] i [d", [w] i [g], [s] i [h], [s"] i [ z"].

There are sounds that do not match the sign of soundness - deafness. For example, the sounds [r], [l], [n], [m], [y'] do not have a voiceless pair, and [ts] and [h'] have a jingle.

Unmatched in deafness

Dzvinki unpaired:[r], [l], [n], [m], [th"], [r"], [l"], [n"], [m"] . What else should they be called? sonorant.

What does this term mean? This is a group of voices (9 in total) that have their own peculiarities: when they are voiced, disturbances also appear in the empty mouth, as well as those that cause reverberations, pass through the crossing, eliminating insignificant noise; Again, it is easy to pass through the hole in the empty nose or mouth. Sonorans are used to add a little noise to the voice. Many readers do not misuse this term, but those who hear the sounds of the unpaired clink are guilty of knowing everything.

Sonorants have two important features:

1) the stench will not be heard, like the voices of boys, before the deaf and seemingly silent words;

2) in front of them there is no tinkling of male deaf voiced voices (then the position in front of them is strong for deafness-voice, as in front of voiced ones). Report on the positional changes of the divas.

Deaf non-guys:[ts], [h"], [w":], [x], [x"].

How is it easier to memorize lists of loud and dull voices?

The following phrases will help you memorize lists of voiced and voiceless voices:

Oh, we didn’t forget one!(There are only a few clinking voices here)

Foka, do you want to eat some cheek?(There are only muffled voices here)

It is true that these phrases do not include bets on hardness and softness. Ale zazvichay people can easily get rid of it, yak hard [z] zvinky, and y soft [z"] tezh, yak [b], and y [b"] too.

§6. Hard and soft notes

Today they are graded not only for dullness and tinkling, but also for hardness and softness.
Hardness-softness- another most important sign of the voices of the Russian language.

The soft sounds are being challenged hard Let's make the movie special. When the hard ones are voiced, the whole body of the tongue is pulled back, and when the soft ones are voiced, it is pushed forward, and the middle part of the tongue is raised. Adjust: [m] - [m'], [z] - [z']. The soft sounds sound higher, lower than solid.

They create a lot of Russian phonies betting on hardness-softness: [b] - [b'], [c] - [c'] and others. There are 15 such pairs.

Pairs by hardness-softness: [b] and [b"], [m] and [m"], [p] and [p"], [c] and [c"], [f] and [f "], [z] i [z"], [s] i [s"], [d] i [d"], [t] i [t"], [n] i [n"], [l ] i [l "], [p] ta [p"], [k] i [k"], [g] i [g"], [x] ta [x"].

There are sounds that do not match the sign of hardness and softness. For example, the sounds [zh], [w], [ts] have no soft sound, and [y'] and [h'] have a hard sound.

Unmatched for hardness and softness

Hard unpaired: [zh], [w], [ts] .

Unpaired meats: [i"], [h"], [w":].

§7. Marking the softness of the pods on the sheet

Let's look at pure phonetics. Let's take a look at the practical importance of nutrition: how is the softness of the ingredients indicated on the sheet?

The Russian language has 36 vocal sounds, including 15 pairs of hardness-softness, 3 unpaired hard and 3 unpaired soft vocals. There are more than 21 years of literature. How can 21 letters mean 36 sounds?

For which there are different methods used:

• jotovani literi e, e, yu, i after today, cream w, wі ts, unpaired for hardness and softness, to see what kind of softness they have, for example: aunt- [t'o' t'a], uncle[so-so] ;
• letterer і after today, cream w, wі ts. Years, which are indicated by letters w, wі ts, unpaired solids. Apply the words from the voice letter і: threads- [n'i' tk'i], sheet- [arkush], miles- [m'ї'liy'] ;
• letterer b, after today, cream w, w, After some kind of soft sign, it is an indicator of grammatical form. Apply a soft sign : request- [proz'ba], Milena- [chalk'], far away- [Dal'].

In this manner, the softness of the voices on the sheet transmitted not by special letters, but by a combination of common letters and letters i, e, e, yu, i і b. During the examination, the Rajah will show special respect to the territorial letters, who stand after the votaries.

Let's discuss the problem of darkness

School textbooks say that [w] that [w'] - unmatched for hardness and softness. How can that be? I feel that the sound [w'] is a soft analogue of the sound [w].
When I went to school myself, I couldn’t understand why? Then my son started at school. They have the same food. It’s important for all boys to be thoughtful before starting.

It’s a shame because the school assistants don’t believe that the sound [w’] is still long, but the hard [w] is not there. Paris is the sounds that are divided by just one sign. And [w] that [sh'] – two. That [w] and [w'] are not in pairs.

For adults and high school students.

In order to achieve correctness, it is necessary to change the school tradition of transcribing the sound [w']. It seems that it would be easier for the boys to pick up one more additional sign, rather than get stuck with illogical, unreasonable assertions that lead to deception. It's simple. So that generation after generation does not rack their brains, demanding to show that the soft hissing sound is long-lasting.

For which in linguistic practice there are two icons:

1) supercharacteristic over sound;
2) double.

The use of a superordinate character is not manual, since it does not transfer a set of characters that can be used in computer typing. Well, the following possibilities will be lost: vikoristannya double [w':] and graphemi, which means the letter [w’] . It seems to me that the first option is the shortest. First of all, boys often mix sounds and letters from the beginning. The use of letters in transcription to create the basis of such mixing provokes amusement. In other words, the boys are now starting to learn foreign languages ​​early. І icon [:] when you select it to indicate the length of the sound you already know. Thirdly, transcription with the indicated double-mark [:] is wonderful at conveying the peculiarities of sound. [w':] - soft and long, offensive signs that become important to the sound [w], presented explicitly, simply and unambiguously.

What is there to please the boys who are now starting to follow their secretly accepted henchmen? It is necessary to understand, comprehend, and then remember that in reality the sounds [w] and [w':] do not create a couple of hardness and softness. And transcribe them I Raja as your teacher suggests.

§8. The place of worship of the voicings

Today, it’s not just the signs you already know that are different:

• deafness-ringingness,
• hardness-softness,
• Illumination method: slit-brush.

The last one is important, the fourth sign: illuminate the place.
The articulation of some sounds comes from the lips, others from the mouth, and from various parts. So, the sounds [p], [p'], [b], [b'], [m], [m'] - labial-labial, [v], [v'], [f], [f' ] - labial-dental, all other - lingual: anterior [t], [t'], [d], [d'], [n], [n'], [s], [s'], [z ], [z'], [w], [w], [w':], [h'], [c], [l], [l'], [r], [r'] , Middle [th'] and rear [k], [k'], [g], [g'], [x], [x'].

§9. Position changes of sounds

1. Strong-weak positions for voices. Position changes of voices. Reduction

People don't vikorize sounds that seem to be isolated. I don't need it anymore.
Mova is a sound flow, ale flow, a singing rite of organizations. Important are the minds in which the same sound appears. The beginning of the word, the end of the word, the shock warehouse, the non-voice warehouse, the station in front of the voice, the station in front of the voice - all these are different positions. Let's figure out how to separate out the strong and weak positions for the vocal ones, and then for the subvocal ones.

Strong position one in which sounds are not subject to positional changes and appear in their main appearance. A strong position is seen in groups of sounds, for example: for voices there is a position in the shock warehouse. And for the vocal ones, for example, a strong position in front of the vocal ones.

For those with loud voices, the position with loud voice is strong, and the weak position is without loud voice..
In unpolluted warehouses, the voices recognize changes: the stench is short and does not appear as clearly as under the voice. This change of voices in a weak position is called reduction. The reduction in the weaker position is less pronounced than in the weaker position.

Sounds that resemble stressed [o] ta [a], after hard voices in a weak, unvoiced position, sound the same. The normative Russian word is “akannya”, that is. unbroken Aboutі A in the naked person they become after hard voices.

• in a loud voice: [budinok] - [dam] - [about] ≠ [a].
• silently: [d A ma'] -at home' - [d A la'] -dala' - [a] = [a].

Sounds that resemble accents [a] and [e], after soft voices in a weak, voiceless position, sound the same. The normative view respects “ikannya”, then. unbroken Eі A The naked person has the following provisions after soft voices.

• in a loud voice: [m'ech'] - [m'ach'] - [e] ≠[a].
• silently: [m'ich'o'm] - sword' m -[m'ich'o'm] - with a ball – [i] = [i].
• What about voices [i], [i], [u]? Why was there nothing about them? On the right is that these voicings in a weak position are notable for their strong reduction: the voicings appear shorter, weaker, but their acidity does not change. So, like for all vocal people, a non-naked position for them is a weak position, but for a student, a vocal student in a non-naked position does not show any problems.

[li´ zhi], [in _lu´ zhu], [n´i´ t’i] - both in strong and in weak positions, the brilliance of the voices does not change. Both in a loud voice and in a non-vocal position we can clearly feel: [i], [u], [i] and we write the letters by which these sounds are customarily designated.

Let's discuss the problem of darkness

What kind of loud sounds are really visible in the silent warehouses after the solid voices?

Vykonovaya phonetic analysis and hesitant transcription of words, a lot of boys determine the subordination. In many compound words, after hard vowels, it is not the sound [a] that appears, as school assistants say, but something else.

You're right.

Equal to Vimov’s words: Moscow - Muscovites. Repeat the skin word several times and listen to the voice that sounds in the first warehouse. In a word Moscow it's simple. Mi vimovlyaemo: [Moscow'] - clearly just a sound [a]. And the word Muscovites? Consistent with the literary norm, in all words, except for the first language before the voice, as well as the position of the beginning and end of the word, it is not [a], but a different sound: less expressive, less clear, more similar to [and], lower to [a ]. In the scientific tradition, this sound is designated by the symbol [ъ]. Well, we really see: milk ',[x'rasho'] - good,[k'lbasa'] - cowbass.

I understand that by giving this material to their assistants, the authors were trying to forgive them. Forgiven. There are many boys with good hearing who clearly sense that the sounds in such butts are carnage, but cannot understand why the teacher and assistant insist on the fact that these sounds are the same. In truth:

[V A So ] - water' -[V ъ d'inshiy'] - merman:[а]≠[ъ]
[Insh A wa' ] - firewood' -[Insh ъ in'ino'] - wood:[а]≠[ъ]

A special subsystem will be created for the implementation of voiced ones in unvoiced warehouses after hissed ones. But in the school course, most of the assistants have no idea about this material.

What kind of loud sounds are really visible in silent warehouses after soft voices?

I feel most responsive to the lads who begin to take care of their assistants and how to show off in the field A,E, About After soft vocals, the sound “i, subtly before e” is conveyed in transcription. I respect that it is fundamentally wrong to give schoolchildren as a single option the old school norm - “ekannya”, which today is becoming more common than “ikannya”, especially among older people. Guys, write kindly from a silent position in the first warehouse before going to the place Aі E- [і].

After soft vowels in other unvoiced warehouses, in addition to the position of the end of the word, we notice a short weak sound, which suggests [i] and is designated as [ь]. Vimovte words in all respects nine listen to yourself. We see: [vo' s'm'] - [b], [d'e' v't'] - [b].

Don't be fooled:

Transcription signs are the same, but letters are completely different.
The transcription sign [ъ] means vocal after solid vocals in unvoiced warehouses, in addition to the first warehouse before navoz.
Litera ъ is a solid sign.
The transcription sign [b] indicates the voiced voice after the soft voiced ones in the unvoiced warehouses, in addition to the first warehouse before the voice.
Letter b is a soft sign.
Transcription signs, as indicated by the letter, are given in straight square arms.

The end of the words- A special position. She is careful not to clarify the voiced voices after the soft voices. The system of unvoiced words is a special phonetic subsystem. She has Eі A are divided:

Budivlya[budinok] - were[budinok], thought[mn'e´ n'ii'e] - thoughts[mn'e´ n'ii'a], more[mo´ r’e] - Seas[mor'a], in la[vo´l’a] - free[na_vo'l'e]. Remember this when you perform phonetic analysis of words.

Turn it over:

How does your teacher mean to signify voices in a naked state? Since Vikorist’s transcription system is simplified, there’s nothing wrong with it: it’s widely accepted. Just don’t be surprised by the fact that you actually hear the sounds of carnage in the middle of nowhere.

2. Strong-weak positions for voices. Position changes of voices

For everyone without guilt, this is a strong position position before voice. Before the voices, the voices appear in their main form. Therefore, phonetic analysis specialists, do not be afraid to show mercy, characterizing the voices that stand in a strong position: [dacha] - so cha,[t'l'iv'i' z'r] - TV,[with'ino' them] - synonyms,[bіr'o'zi] - birch,[karz "i 'ni] - cats. All voices at the butts in front of the voices, then. in a strong position.

Strong positions from deafness:

• before the voices: [there] - there,[ladies] - I'll give,
• before unpaired chimes [r], [r'], [l], [l'], [n], [n'], [m], [m'], [y']: [d'a] - For,[tl'a] - popelitsya,
• Before [v],[v']: [sv_y'] - Sviy,[ding] - jingle.

Remember:

In a strong position, the ringing and dull voices do not change their bitterness.

Weak positions due to deafness:

• in front of the guys due to their deafness: [sweet] - licorice,[zu' pk'i] - teeth.
• before deaf unpaired ones: [aphva't] - girth, [fhot] - entrance.
• for example words: [zup] - tooth,[dup] - oak.
  

Positional changes in voices for deafness-dzvinkisti

In weak positions, the sound changes: from it, positional changes are expected. The calls become deaf, then. will be loud, and the deaf will be loud, then. calling. Attitudinal changes are less likely to be avoided in boys with high voices.

The deafening ringing of loud voices

Stunning the bells Available for positions:

• in front of the deaf guys: [fsta' in'it'] - V put,
• for example words: [clat] - Treasures.

Calling for the deaf Available for the position:

• in front of the guys Dzvinki: [kaz'ba'] - before h ba'

Strong positions regarding hardness-softness:

• before the voices: [mat'] - Mati,[m'at'] - m'yati,
• for example words: [he] - He,[won’] - smord,
• before labials: [b], [b'], [p], [p'], [m], [m'] and back ones: [k], [k'], [g], [g' ], [x[, [x'] for sounds [s], [s'], [z], [z'], [t], [t'], [d], [d'], [n ], [n'], [r], [r']: [sa'n'k'i] - Sanki(popular pad.), [s'ank'i] - sled,[bun] - Bun,[bu' l'qt'] - gurgle,
• all positions for sounds [l] and [l']: [forehead] - forehead,[pal'ba] - firing.

Remember:

In a strong position, the hard and soft voices do not change their bitterness.

Weak positions for hardness-softness and position changes for hardness-softness.

• before soft ones [t'], [d'] for vocal ones [c], [z], as they softly soften: , [z'd'es'],
• before [h’] ta [w’:] for [n], which softens softly: [po´ n’ch’ik] - Donut,[ka' m'n'sh':ik] - mason

Remember:

In a number of positions today there is both softness and firmness:

• before soft front voices [n'], [l'] for front voices [c], [z]: snow -[s'n'ek] ta, anger -[z'l'it'] and [z'l'it']
• before soft front ones, [z'] for front ones [t], [d] - raise -[pad'n'a' t'] i [padn'a' t'] , select -[at’n’a´ t’] і [atn’a´ t’]
• before soft front ones [t"], [d"], [s"], [z"] for front ones [n]: cog -[v'i' n"t"ik] i [v'i' nt'ik], pension -[p'e' n's'iya'a] i [p'e' n's'iya'a]
• before soft labials [v'], [f'], [b'], [p'], [m'] for labials: enter -[f"p"isa't'] i [fp"is'at'], рі´ fme(dat. fall.) - [р'і' f"m"е] і [р'і´ fm"е]

Remember:

In all cases, a weak position may have a weakening of the voices.
Write a soft sign with a positional note of the voices of Milkovo.

Positional changes in voices for signs of the way to illuminate the place

Of course, in school tradition it is not customary to present the characteristics of sounds and positional changes that are learned from them in great detail. Ale zagalnye laws of phonetics traces. Without this, it is important to carry out phonetic analyzes and complete tests. Below is a list of positional and mental changes that follow the signs of the way to illuminate. This material is a great help for those who want to learn more about phonetic analysis.

Similarity to voices

The logic is this: the Russian language is characterized by the similarity of sounds, since the stench is similar to that of its own.

Vivchi list:

[c] ta [w] → [w:] - sew

[h] ta [f] → [f:] - Squeeze

[s] i [h'] - dokorinno sliv → [sh’:] - happiness, rahunok
- on the stick morphemes and sliv → [w’:h’] - comb, dishonest, z what (the receiver with the advancing word appears at once, like one word)

[s] ta [w':] → [w':] - Rozshchepiti

[t] ta [c] - in diєslivnyh forms → [ts:] - grins
-on the stick of the prefix and root → [CS] - vidsipati

[t] ta [ts] → [ts:] - take a drink

[t] ta [h’] → [h’:] - Zvit

[t] i [t] i [w’:]←[c] ta [h’] - vidlik

[d] ta [w’:] ←[c] ta [h’] - Pidrahunok

Rose-like voices

Division is a process of positional change that lasts until it becomes more common.

[g] ta [k’] → [h’k’] - easy

Farewell to the groups of voices

Vivchi list:

vst - [stv]: hi, please understand
zdn - [zn]: late
zdc - [sc] : under the bridle
lnts - [nts]: sun
NDC - [nc]: Dutch
Sun - [Nsh:] landscape
NTG - [ng]: x-ray
rdc - [rts]: heart
rdch - [rh’]: heart
stl - [sl']: happy
stn - [dn]: myscevium

Vimova group of sounds:

In the forms of appendices, borrowers, and deceivers, the letters of the subtitle are sharpened: wow, yoyo. U place G they seem to have [in]: yogo, garny, blue.
Unique literal reading. Vimovliai words yogo, blue, bright Right.

§10. Letters and sounds

Letters and sounds vary in meaning and nature. Ale tse spіvіdnosnі systems. This type of relationship needs to be known.

Types of relationships between letters and sounds:

1. Litera means sound, for example, voices after hard vowels and voices before voices: weather.
2. The letter does not have a strong sound meaning, for example bі ъ: Misha
3. Litera signifies two sounds, for example, iotana voices e, e, yu, i at positions:
   • word on the cob
   • after the loud ones,
   • after separation bі ъ.
4. Litera can indicate the sound and intensity of the front sound, for example, the voices і after the soft voices.
5. Litera can indicate the brightness of the front sound, for example b in words shadow, stump, gunfire.
6. Two letters can represent one sound, usually a long one: sew, squeeze, rush
7. Three letters correspond to one sound: laugh - huh -[ts:]

Test of strength

Turn over how you understood this section.

Bag test

1. Where does the bitterness of vocal sound lie?

   • View of the shape of the mouth empty at the moment of loudness
   • The type of disturbance that is created by language organs at the moment of loudness to sound

2. What is called reduction?

   • loud voices under loud voices
   • the voiceless camp of the unvoiced
   • especially the vigoloshennya of the loud voices

3. What sounds does the wind of the stream make on its way across the path: between the creases and the crevices?

   • In the voices
   • Among the voices

4. How can deaf voices be heard vocally?

5. Why take the fate of the voiceless voices of the voices?

6. How many couples make excuses for deafness?

7. How many voices are there in the bet on deafness?

8. How many couples make Russian calls for hardness and softness?

9. How many voices are there in betting on hardness and softness?

10. How is the softness of the notes conveyed on the sheet?

    • With special icons
    • Author:

11. What is the name of the position of the sound in the promotional flow, in which vein appears in its main appearance, regardless of positional changes?

    • Strong position
    • Weak position

12. Which sounds have strong and weak positions?

    • In the voices
    • Among the voices
    • For everyone: both vocal and vocal

Correct lines:

1. View of the shape of the mouth empty at the moment of loudness
2. the voiceless camp of the unvoiced
3. Among the voices
4. Author:
5. Strong position
6. For everyone: both vocal and vocal

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