Thyroid node cancer. Prognosis for survival with thyroid cancer in women

The thyroid gland is an organ of the endocrine system that often indicates malignant degeneration. About 1% of all cancer cases are thyroid cancer, being the largest tumor in the middle of the endocrine organs.

It occurs twice more often in women than in men. This cancer was first understood in the 18th century, and the microscopic picture of the pathology was described by Libert in 1862. Initial research in the field of diagnostics and treatment dates back to the 19th century. And the real revolution was the more successful delivery of the weapon in 1893 by the Russian surgeon Subotin.

Unfortunately, there is currently no highly accurate method of diagnosing cancer. The answer to nutrition “how to treat thyroid cancer” lies in many factors: the duration of the process, the age of the disease and the very structure of the swelling. Let's take a look at the information about the causes, methods of recognizing illness and getting out of the situation.

There are a lot of myths around the evil rebirth of SCHZ. Let's try to show them in a different light to make the picture clearer.

It most often occurs in people who suffer from iodine deficiency, and papillary deficiency in those who reject iodine. If the lack of this microelement ceases to be the only reliable reason for the appearance of a neoplasm. There is a direct connection between the patient’s residence in the territory of iodine shortage and the development of thyroid cancer, since the colossal role of radioactive production in the appearance of malignant swelling has been revealed.

Until recently it was believed that this is a good soil for evil degeneration. In fact, almost all types of nodes are susceptible to malignancy, otherwise cancer attacks the healthy, intact tissue of the node.

Advocates of a terrible pathology and a look at the causative link are a pressing topic for discussion among doctors. Moreover, the incidence of thyroid cancer is steadily increasing, and mainly affects young people of advantage: over the past decade, the proportion of the population who are ill has increased by 5%. Investigations carried out in the field of medicine have shown a gradation of reasons for the importance and clearly communicated speech.

So, the main reasons and factors for the risk of thyroid cancer are:

• radioactive contamination of the tonsils, thyroid and parathyroid glands in children and children;
• endemic locality – lack of iodine in soil, air, water;
• organ injuries;
• chronic inflammation and dystrophic disorders of the thyroid gland;
• genetic diversity.

It's great! Intermittent cancer (supposed to be a genetic mutation) appears in 30 patients, radioinduction or spontaneous cancer (as a result of the influx of various factors) – in 40-45 patients. With this clinical flow, the stench does not fade.

• Increased nervousness of the nervous system (stressful situations).
• Due to normal or reduced function of the thyroid gland (this can also be caused by the use of thyreostatics (mercasolil)).
• Young women (up to 40 years).

Thyroid cancer is a rare type of oncological tumor, which accounts for more than 1% of a number of cancer patients. In the last 20 years, the number of people with oncological tumors in the “thyroid” has increased significantly, and this indicator has increased to 6% of all cancer patients. It is connected with the disaster at the Chornobyl Nuclear Power Plant, which led to radioactive contamination of significant territories of Ukraine, Belarus and the Russian Federation. In fact, for most residents of our region and the wider world, the topic of oncology, cancer, and thyroid disease is considered one of the most pressing.

This article provides information about the causes that lead to thyroid cancer, describes the symptoms and stages of development of the disease, examines diagnostic methods and explains how to combat these fatal diseases.

Thyroid cancer – hidden news

Oncological swelling of the “thyroid gland” is an evil new creation that arises from medullary, follicular or papillary cells. Women suffer from this type of cancer most often, and they are diagnosed with malignant swelling 3 times more often than men. However, after the 65th century, the picture changes and with this problem, people more often turn to doctors.

Most cases of thyroid cancer occur between 45 and 60 years of age. However, this does not mean at all that chubby cannot appear at the bottom. What is typical is that in children this type of plumpness develops and becomes aggressive.

This type of cancer mainly affects residents of regions polluted by radiation, including regions with dismantled sugar-salting plants. We also say that this form of cancer is more widespread among Europeans, while Asians, Americans and Africans suffer from these diseases much less often.

Causes of thyroid cancer

It is necessary to say that the exact reasons for the development of oncological swelling in the area that appears to have not yet been clarified. No less, there are a number of factors that contribute to the development of this fatally dangerous disease. It is clear to them:

1. Radioactive contamination

Number Doslіzhennya, puskh with participants in Likvіdatsi Vibuha at the atomic Elektrostani, the inhabitants of the regions of the regions, showed, the vnaslіdok aircraft on the oncology of the zrosl in P'ytnadzatye Division! Add to this list the residents of the places where uranium, quartz and other ores are mined.

2. Promeneva therapy

Prominenya in the field of the head of the neck, thus provoking the swelling of the “thyroid” through the rocks. Under the influx of pollution, the cells of the human body succumb to mutations and can actively divide and grow. And here the follicular and papillary form of swelling develops.

3. Slump factor

We were able to identify a gene that is responsible for the appearance of this type of cancer. Once it is present in the body, there is no doubt that cancer will appear 100%. In order to prevent lip stains, doctors carry out prompt treatment, when the stain is removed.

4. Century over 40 years

Although oncological swelling can develop in children, it most often affects individuals over 40 years of age. It is connected with these older cells, the organ that is most often susceptible to malfunctions in genes.

5. Professional disadvantages

This disease is susceptible to medical practitioners in various professions. In addition, swellings in the analyzed plant more often appear in individuals who work in distilleries.

6. Free bells

Alcohol destroys the body’s natural defenses, and chicken removes carcinogenic substances from entering the body.

7. Stressful situations

Severe and prolonged stress contributes to the development of depression and seriously undermines the immune system. Here, as in the first point, cancer develops through the weakening of the body’s chemical forces.

In addition, the appearance of thyroid cancer can be provoked by the following pathologies:

• “women” illness (illness of the ovaries and uterus);
• puffiness in milk vines;
• colon cancer, as well as the presence of polyps in this organ;
• vuzliki on “thyroid”;
• rich nodular goiter.

See thyroid cancer

1. Papillary cancer

This is the most widespread form of illness, occurring in 80% of cases. It can also be called a “peaceful” fluff, since it does not allow metastases and is characterized by extremely rapid progression. In women, such plumpness occurs 3 times more often, and it occurs between 30 and 50 years of age. Almost all patients who have undergone treatment will live for 25 years after being diagnosed with this type of cancer.

2. Follicular cancer

This type of oncology occurs in 10-15% of cases, and most often appears in the elderly. This is a more aggressive cancer, which in 70% of cases has severe growths in the lymph node and adjacent veins, as well as in the cystic tissue and leg. Proteus and metastases are clearly characterized by radioactive iodine. Individuals younger than 50 years of age, after such celebration, completely forget that they have cancer.

3. Medullary cancer

This is a rare type of cancer that occurs no more often, in less than 5% of cases. Puffiness is not safe, it occurs in people over 40 years of age and is characterized by the penetration of malignant cells into the blood vessels. The development of cancerous swelling is accompanied by diarrhea and partial tides of cake. This problem can only be dealt with by the thyroid gland, since bathing with iodine does not work. In this case, the survival rate for people over 50 is much lower than for follicular cancer.

4. Anaplastic cancer

Among all types of thyroid cancer, swelling is detected no more often than 3% of cases. The disease mainly affects people of advanced age, over 65 years of age, and the swelling rapidly progresses and metastasizes to other organs. Doctors give anaplastic cancer the worst prognosis among all types of thyroid cancer.

Symptoms of thyroid cancer

The opening, which can be seen, expands on the neck, so it is easy to palpate and allows all the necessary diagnostic tests to be carried out.

Well, what symptoms accompany the development of oncological swelling in the area, what can be seen? Here we have the appearance on the organs of a knot that can be noted independently, paying attention to the characteristic presentation under the skin. At the stage, the nodules appear soft, so palpation does not cause pain. However, over time the bag begins to grow and become thicker.

Don’t panic if you see such a thing in your business. Such new creations occur more frequently in the rich, and in less than 5% of cases the stench is of an evil nature. Prote, to know exactly the reason for the appearance of a lump, you should go to an endocrinologist and undergo strictures. It is especially important to speak about the appearance, as a bag under the skin appeared in a child or a child. Until the 20th century, such new creations were not to blame!

Another early sign of the development of swelling is increased and painful lymph nodes. The stench becomes powerful and indestructible. Other than that, there are simply no signs of other strains on the fluff.

At later stages of oncology development, when the swelling progresses and increases in size, other signs of this disease appear:

• the position will show the breasts at the throat;
• difficulty in forging;
• pain in the neck, which can hurt the ear;
• cough not associated with allergies or colds;
• hoarseness of voice;
• Vazhe dikhannya ta zadishka;
• bulging veins on the neck.

All these symptoms indicate that the swelling has already reached great proportions, through which it presses adjacent organs. The voice changes through metastases that have already reached the vocal cords and laryngeal nerve.

Stages of illness

As with any other types of oncology, doctors see several stages of the disease. Let's describe the skin behind them.

Stage I. The swelling in this type does not exceed 2 cm in diameter and is localized in one of the parts of the plant. The new creation does not go beyond the boundaries of the organ and does not metastasize.

Stage II. The puffiness, as before, is solitary, however, it begins to deform the vine. Here you can also see the appearance of the impersonality of loose fluff, so as not to go beyond the boundaries of the capsules.

Stage III. The newborn grows to a size beyond which the capsule of the “thyroid gland” grows, and also begins to press on adjacent organs. At this stage, metastases appear in the cervical lymph nodes.

Stage IV. The malignant swelling affects many organs, and the thyroid gland itself is greatly enlarged. In this case, there are already malignant cells on the vessel organs.

Diagnosis of illness

To clarify the diagnosis and determine the stage of illness, the ultrasound diagnostic method is used. And to find out from which cells the new creation is formed, doctors perform fine-neck aspiration biopsy (FNA). It is carried out by the way of introducing a thin head into the plump, for the help of which a sample of the fabric is taken for further investigation. Since this method does not allow the nature of the swelling to be determined, doctors perform an open biopsy, in which a new tissue is hanging for further investigation.

In addition, the patient’s blood is taken from a vein in order to determine what tumor markers are in it using an additional enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Movements instead of these protein substances make it possible to identify the specific form of thyroid cancer.

Treatment for thyroid cancer

The choice of methods for treating a malignant neoplasm depends on its size, type of swelling, and indicates the severity and presence of metastases.

1. Thyroidectomy

This is a radical method of treating the disease, in which the thyroid gland and lymphatic nodes are removed, which are in order. If the operation is performed on a child, a lobectomy is possible. removing one part of the ovary so that the patient can avoid possible endocrine disorders in the future.

2. Radioactive iodine

Once such iodine is absorbed into the body, the veins will accumulate in the cells of the thyroid gland, after which the stench begins to arise (both healthy and evil). The method of negative influx does not work on other organisms. Most often, there is stagnation after the operation, if surgical methods were used to completely remove the cancer cells. In addition, radioactive iodine is very effective against metastases in other organs and lymph nodes.

3. Hormonal therapy

After the operation, the patient is prescribed to take hormonal medications, which not only support the normal functioning of the body without a “thyroid gland”, but also stop the growth of malignant cells that were lost after surgery. Lenny.

4. Promeneva therapy

High-intensity stimulation is another way to fight against malignant swelling. However, such therapy is not carried out for lesions that accumulate iodine (for which the radioactive iodine treatment technique is effective). In addition, the therapy itself should be used exclusively to combat the anaplastic form of cancer. In addition, when the swelling goes beyond the interstitial areas, replacement therapy precedes the appearance of metastases in other organs or promotes their growth.

5. Viborcha therapy

In case of medullary thyroid cancer, if therapy with radioactive iodine is not effective, doctors will use drugs of choice - Cabozantinib or Vandetanib. In case of papillary and follicular types of oncology, these drugs are less likely to stagnate, due to the high effectiveness of other methods - surgical debridement and radioactive iodine stagnation.

Forecast

Practice shows that thyroid cancer is often detected at stages I and II of the development of the disease. For this type of hair removal, puffiness will ensure almost 100% survival over the next 5 years. Treatment of swelling, starting from stage III, will ensure 80% survival rate for patients, and even with the follicular type of swelling, this rate is as high as 70%.

Until the last stage, IV stage of the disease, the 5th stage of survival is successfully achieved in 50% of patients with papillary and follicular forms of oncology. In particular, only 28% of patients suffer from medullary cancer.

Prevention of cancer

To prevent the development of this type of oncology, doctors recommend maintaining normal blood pressure and maintaining a healthy diet. If there is a lack of iodine in the body, then take iodine preparations, as well as add iodine salt to your food, eat seafood and seaweed.

You should not be fooled by the use of new diagnostic methods, as well as physical procedures such as scalp treatment. It is important to treat thyroid disease promptly and undergo preventive examinations promptly (especially if the patient is at risk of developing this disease).
Good health to you!

Thyroid cancer is considered especially in new cases, which rarely occur. The middle age of sick people is 40-50 years old, women get sick more often, however, among elderly patients the proportion of people is increasing. Symptoms of thyroid cancer can last for a very long time while you are out, but the presence of good-natured changes in the majority of patients suggests strong respect for them on the side of the doctors.

About 90% of all swellings that appear in the thyroid gland are malignant new epithelial tumors (cancers). The most common and at the same time the most insidious form of cancer is considered to be the papillary variant, which is often diagnosed in young patients and children.

On today's day When promptly detected, the fluff is removed from the surface. A high rate of detection of disease in the joints due to the possibility of stagnation of ultrasound diagnostics for a wide range of individuals and biopsies from pathological changes in the lesions.

Why is cancer to blame?

The thyroid gland is the largest, unpaired gland of the internal secretions, which grows laterally and in front of the larynx and trachea and consists of two parts and an isthmus. The main function of this organ is the secretion of hormones. thyroxine, triiodothyronine(T 3, T 4), i thyrocalcitonin. These biologically active substances regulate basic metabolism, participate in the formation of bone tissue, calcium and phosphorus metabolism.

For the synthesis of thyroid hormones, iodine is necessary, which is supplied to the body through food and water. The main mass of the plant is produced from microscopic follicles, which contain the collagen - a hormone promoter. The function of the thyroid gland is regulated by thyroid-stimulating hormone of the pituitary gland, which corresponds to the need to increase the synthesis of thyroid hormones.

If there is a lack of iodine in the environment and living conditions, there are different levels of the plant parenchyma, a decrease in the level of hormones and, as a result, a change in metabolism, heat regulation, the functions of the cardiovascular system, mineral metabolism, and the manifestation of damage are systemic in nature.

Often sick people who have been diagnosed with cancer ask themselves: why is it their fault? What are the reasons?

Apparently, most of the swellings are not power forces, but their development requires forward changes. This is also the case with the thyroid gland. Among the most common parenchymal lesions can be called goiter and adenoma.

Goiter It is a diffuse or degenerative pathological process, which is accompanied by supra-surreal proliferation of cells in the parenchyma due to increased blood flow. When it is possible to increase both the strength of the goiter (that is, talk about a diffuse goiter), and its parts - a nodular goiter. When the follicles grow larger and become more active, they can transform into cysts, which is called a cystic goiter.

Adenoma- It’s nothing more than good fluff. It may be detected as an isolated adenoma, or an adenoma and the appearance of an already obvious goiter.

Among the causes of malignant thyroid swellings can be seen:

• Infusion of ionizing vibration;
• Lack of iodine in food and water;
• genetic factor;
• Detection of other endocrine pathologies, autoimmune diseases, etc.

Possibility of unpleasant carcinogenic fluid Ionizing and promoting It was started back in the first half of the 20th century, when thyroid cancer began to be reported more frequently in children who suffered from swelling of the head or neck. In addition, the surge in sickness among the locals of Hirosimi and Nagasaki, as well as among the population of the territory, contaminated after the accident at the Chornobyl Nuclear Power Plant, once again confirmed the fact of the influx of radiation into the vineyard of the Powder Shield. obvious thorn.

Warto means that the infusion of radioactive iodine will increase the expression in areas with a natural deficiency of this microelement, fragments of the thyroid gland, sensing its chronic deficiency, began to ingest the radioactive isotope.

Missing iodine in the middle of nowhere This may be a factor that has led to the development of goiter and cancer. Water and vegetation in some areas do not have sufficient supply, and the population of these areas suffers from a shortage.

It appears that the thyroid gland undergoes the creation of hormones to remove iodine (T3 and T4), which is absorbed into the blood by the thyroid follicles. If there is a lack of microelements that are needed, there is an increase in the production of the so-called thyroid-stimulating hormone in the pituitary gland, which is necessary for stimulating the function of the gland. With increased activity of the mucous tissue, there is an increase in blood flow, increased absorption of iodine from the bloodstream, and the function is quickly compensated. However, with such gradual stimulation, it is possible to transform the cavity of the hyperplasia of the goiter into a goiter. In these cases we talk about the endemic nature of the disease, indicating a natural deficiency of iodine in the sick. The incidence of cancer on aphids of endemic goiter is clearly rare, but it is still necessary to exercise careful caution over such patients.

Genetic mutations It can also cause thyroid cancer. Due to mutations in the genes of the tenth chromosome, which cause cancer of a certain localization. The disease is transmitted in families and is called familial cancer syndrome.

Complex hormonal interactions, especially during periods of gestation and lactation, mean that both goiter and thyroid cancer are more often reported in women.

Autoimmune illness are accompanied by the formation of special proteins (antibodies) to wet tissues, which produces a smooth flow. If autoimmune thyroiditis arises in the thyroid gland, then a possible change in cancer results from a chronic ignition process. The nutritional risk of cancer development in autoimmune thyroiditis continues to be discussed, and according to statistics, illness often goes hand in hand. This finding may be associated with the complexity of the mechanisms of development of thyroid cancer and autoimmune thyroiditis. Autoimmune processes are also more common among women than among men.

Types of thyroid cancer

Depends on the histological type of malignant tumor of the thyroid gland There are a number of different types of cancer:

• Papillary carcinoma (according to the general population, these diseases are called “capillary”);
• follicular;
• Medullary;
• Anaplastic.

The most common species of interest papillary cancer thyroid gland, which can appear in children and young people aged 30-40 years. In a third of cases, metastases are detected, and often such swellings develop and the formation of an anterior nodular goiter. This type is more aggressive in children than in adults. This type of swelling is considered highly differentiated and is characterized by a generally favorable prognosis.

Thyroid cancer

Follicular cancer The thyroid gland wants to be highly differentiated, otherwise it is more aggressive than the papillary one. Follicular cancer is detected in patients 50-60 years old, most often in the form of a single nodule, which even suggests an adenoma (a benign swelling), so its diagnosis may be difficult. This type of swelling is susceptible to metastasis in the lymph nodes of the neck, and sometimes in the cyst, legion and other organs through blood vessels. Metastatic nodes of follicular cancer retain the ability to absorb iodine from the blood, so this feature can be treated with vicoristan during diagnosis and further treatment.

Medullary cancer The thyroid gland, in alignment with the front two varieties, is affected by a more malignant attack. Such swelling is capable of synthesizing other hormones and biologically active substances (ACTH, prostaglandins, etc.), so clinical manifestations may be related to the secretory activity of cancer (diarrhea, “flushing”, tachycardia That's it). Medullary cancer metastasizes to the lymphatic nodes of the neck and ingrowth of nearby tissues and organs.

Anaplastic cancer respect the most unpalatable, undifferentiated variety of thyroid puffiness, which is more often diagnosed in summer individuals. With this form of cancer, the organ quickly and significantly increases in size, crushing and painful swelling of the organs, which can lead to loss of function, breathing and even suffocation. Metastases appear early in the lymph nodes and in other organs. Forget, illness will lead to the manifestation of a goiter that lasts for three hours. Fragments of anaplastic cancer are considered undifferentiated, the prognosis for the new one is very unfavorable, until treatment the tumor is insensitive, and most patients die in the first place after the diagnosis is made.

Cream of histological classification, There are different stages of thyroid cancer:

• Stage I The disease depends on the presence of swelling, as it does not spread beyond the boundaries of the organ and does not metastasize.
• At stage II It is possible for single metastases to appear on the side of the infection, but the cancer does not go beyond the boundaries of the capsules of the plant.
• Stage III characterizes neoplasia, which can expand between capsules and cause regional metastases.
• At stage IV When contracted, cancer not only grows in tissues and organs, but also gives distant metastases.

Babies: classification of fluff using the TNM system

Metastasis Malignant tumors of the thyroid gland are transmitted to the kidney in the regional lymph nodes - the cervix. Sooner or later it is possible to detect hematogenous metastases in the leg, bones (especially ridges), and brain.

Signs of cancer

Even often, swelling of the thyroid nodule appears asymptomatically, especially in the early stages of development, so the first sign can be the detection of a nodule without additional symptoms. In some cases, swelling is diagnosed at the stage of detection of metastases in the cervical lymph nodes.

Most of the swelling is caused by a nodular goiter, and all patients with obvious changes in the goiter are required to undergo regular quilting so as not to miss the moment of cancer.

Signs of thyroid cancer include:

• Detection of thickening, tuberosity, palpable nodule in the area;
• Pain in the pasta, sometimes in the mouth;
• Destruction of kovtannya, dikhannya, voice-making.

Demonstration of strengthening This is one of the first signs of cancerous swelling of the thyroid gland. If a healthy patient has an isolated tumor that is rapidly growing, then cancer is suspected in such episodes. It is especially necessary to demonstrate oncological alertness in children and young people under 20 years of age, who are most likely to suffer from malignant swelling.

In patients with anterior goiter, there is an increase in the number of surrounding parts of the organ, the emergence of new nodes and other symptoms that indicate a malignant transformation.

Pain in the area of ​​the neck This is due to the increased size of the plump node and the thyroid gland as a whole, in addition, the cause may be the growth of cancer in the vascular tissue, vessels and nerves.

In the world of growing neoplasia, deterioration of organs and tissues, as well as the vascular bundle, there is impaired blood flow in the form of dilated axillary veins. At the stage of cancer spreading through the lymphatic vessels, metastases are easily detected in the regional lymph nodes of the neck.

The different forms of thyroid cancer may be influenced by clinical features. Thus, papillary cancer continues to grow steadily and lasts for decades, and metastasizes in only 20% of patients to regional lymph nodes. Follicular cancer is aggressive and prone to hematogenous metastases in the leg. Medullary diversity, due to the ability to synthesize hormones and biologically active speech, manifests itself in a third of patients during pregnancy, and can also be accompanied by impaired carbohydrate metabolism, hypertension, near heat and diarrhea.

Medical difficulties that may arise in the diagnosis of low-symptomatic forms of cancer, especially in patients with diffuse or nodular goiter, It is necessary to be especially alert for the presence of the following signs:

• A plump plant that grows rapidly, increasing its thickness, reducing the looseness of the vine;
• the presence of thyroid cancer in family members or close relatives;
• The age of the patient is up to 20 years or over 70;
• The presence of hoarseness in the voice with enlarged cervical lymph nodes;
• Infusion of ionizing viper into the head area in the past.

Often in children, cancer is detected due to the presence of enlarged lymph nodes, so all types of cervical lymphadenitis or lymphadenopathy are reported to be diagnosed immediately after the appearance of malignant thyroid swelling get in.

Video: symptoms and signs of thyroid disease

Nutrition for cancer diagnosis

Oskolki Thyroid cancer is often not accompanied by a clear clinical picture, then the plumpness can be detected during preventive examinations. Once, there are a migration of a migration of symptom, hesitated to Likar, Yaky Covagan, and the limfonovs of Shiha, the lifeshuly, and the skargs of the same time appear, and to clarify the vicinity of the middle native of the cereals on the cancer.

Patients who suffer from goiter for a long time must be under the constant supervision of doctors and undergo regular examinations.

If puffy-like swelling is detected in the thyroid gland, additional investigations are required:

• Fine-head biopsy;
• Significant level of thyroid hormones;
• Analysis for cancerous embryonic antigen;
• Radioisotope scanning;
• Laryngoscopy;
• CT, MRI, x-ray of the chest organs, ultrasound of the abdominal cavity for suspicion of metastases.

Ultrasound tracking It is the most accessible and simplest method for diagnosing various changes in the thyroid gland. Using additional ultrasound, it is possible to detect the presence of nodes, determine their size, localization, thickness, contours and shape of excess tissue. This investigation makes it possible to identify creations measuring just a few millimeters.

Thus, with ultrasound examination, it can be difficult to distinguish the benign nature of a new creation from a malignant one, such signs as lumpy contour, unclear cordons, the presence of calcifications (precipitation of calcium salts), increased blood It is important to be wary of the possible malicious nature of the knot.

The next stage of diagnosis will be fine-neck puncture biopsy, which is rightfully considered the gold standard for suspected cancer. In this case, using a thin head and under ultrasound control, tissue is taken from the pathologically changed part of the thyroid gland. The removed material is straightened for further morphological investigation. As a rule, a puncture biopsy makes it possible to establish an accurate diagnosis and determine the type of malignant neoplasm.

Puncture biopsy

In unclear cases, it is possible to perform a so-called open biopsy, if during the hour of surgery the surgeon takes a fragment of tissue from the changed section for histological examination. Once the diagnosis of cancer is confirmed, the doctor will expand the procedure to the distant site, lymph nodes and cervical tissue, consistent with the principles of surgical treatment for oncological pathology. It should be noted that with terminology (before the hour of surgery), a reliable diagnosis of papillary cancer is possible, while other types require a more detailed analysis of a distant organ in a planned manner.

Research on hormone levels The thyroid gland may show impaired function; its hormonal function is often lost, not damaged by cancer, or changed by normal processes. In case of medullary cancer, it is important to measure the concentration of calcitonin in blood serum.

Test for cancerous embryonic antigen shows the growth of yogo due to the presence of malignant swelling. It may be especially valuable to investigate patients who have suffered from goiter for a long time, for differential diagnosis of cancer on aphids of the goiter.

When there is a change in voice, hoarseness is indicated laryngoscopy, which allows you to look at the throat and determine the degree of fragility of the vocal fold on one side. This symptom is especially important for cancer of the thyroid gland due to the ulcer of the portal nerve.

Radioisotope scanning is based on the introduction of isotopes of radioactive iodine, which is produced by the tissue of the plant itself, as well as by plump cells, including in metastases. In seizures, if the chubby tissue is unable to absorb iodine, it is possible to stagnate with technology (for medullary cancer, for example).

The use of additional diagnostic methods, such as CT, MRI, radiography, ultrasound of the abdominal organs, was justified in case of suspicion of distant metastasis in aggressive forms of cancer.

Treatment of malignant swellings of the thyroid gland

Treatment of thyroid cancer today is more effective, and the choice of specific methods depends on the type of swelling, size and severity of damage to organs and tissues. The age of patients is of greater importance.

The most effective way to treat cancer is to carry out surgical operation. It is most common to remove all the plants as a whole - total thyroidectomy, and at the same time from it – lymphatic nodes and cervical cells.

Surgical operation

In cases where the size of the node is small, it is allowed to carry out an organ-saving operation on excess parts of the organ - subtotal resection. Such organ-saving operations are especially relevant in children, so it is important to preserve every part of the child, producing hormones during the further growth of the child.

In all cases of the distant part or the entire thyroid gland, both during the operation and also after the operation, the diagnosis is confirmed by histological examination.

The fragments after the operation can save fragments of tissue of the thyroid gland, then illness is indicated hormonal drugs, to reduce the stimulating influx on the thyroid tissue on the side of the pituitary gland and prevent a possible relapse of cancer.

The tissue of the thyroid gland, as well as follicular and papillary cancer and their metastases, contains iodine, including radioactive ones. This particularity is the basis radioiodine therapy, in which there is a depletion of surplus not only of the node itself, but of metastatic nodes in the legs and wrists. When treated with radioactive iodine, there is an increase in the growth and regression of metastases. The ability to study metastatic lesions can significantly improve the prognosis and quality of life of patients after treatment.

In cases of anaplastic cancer and other malignant tumors of non-epithelial origin (lymphoma, sarcoma), stasis knocked down or else chemotherapy.

chemotherapy

If the patient is diagnosed with a form of cancer that has progressed far enough that it does not support surgical treatment, then doctors in such cases alternate between chemotherapy, chemotherapy and radioactive iodine administration in those sensitive to new variety of fluff.

Doctors have buried a large number of patients at the national level, which especially means that thyroid cancer is not the same type as their stagnation is true. Let’s not forget that there is a wide range of vegetables, fruits, seafood and greens. With such a diagnosis, at the stage of metastasis, it is possible to achieve good results with proper treatment of the patients, if you really want to stagnate and traditional medicine, then you can work in parallel with traditional methods, but in an obligatory manner having become a doctor.

Life after cancer

As it turns out, most swellings of the thyroid gland appear to have a favorable prognosis at the stage of metastasis. This is due not only to the significantly increased growth of cancer, but to the possibilities of current treatment methods.

In papillary and follicular cancer, the rate of five-fold survival reaches 85%, and the figures are higher among women. Younger patients may achieve shorter results from treatment than those seen in years. By the way, for such forms of cancer you can live dozens of lives due to the promptness of detection and therapy.

In anaplastic and other undifferentiated forms, the illness is aggressive, metastases appear early, and the illness, after diagnosis, is lifeless.

Remnants of surgical treatment for thyroid cancer most often affect the entire organ, and patients who suffer from the disease must take hormonal medications throughout their lives, as a rule, they are diagnosed with a disability group, protease, etc. There is a life and purpose in most patients that is not damaged, which allows them to lead a primary way of life in away.

The development of thyroid cancer is associated with the development of hypothyroidism due to a lack of hormones, and this condition can be successfully corrected by taking tablet medications. In severe episodes there may be loss or impairment of vocal function.

It is difficult to avoid the development of cancer, it is necessary to take care before any changes in the body and thyroid gland, and a prompt visit to the doctor will help achieve good results from treatment and save life.

Video: thyroid cancer in the “Live Healthy” program

The author strongly emphasizes the adequate supply of readers within the limits of his competence and especially within the OnkoLib.ru resource. In-person consultations and assistance in organizing treatment are not available at this time.

Most often, thyroid cancer is diagnosed in school-age children. In adults, malignantly affected thyroid tissue rarely develops to the edge - no more than 1% of the total number of diagnosed oncological pathologies. The disease successfully develops at the zero stages, metastasizes, and if it is recognized at the 1-2 stages of progression, the chance of full-fledged renewal is as high as possible.

What are the reasons?

Until now, doctors have not been able to identify the reasons for the development of this evil disease. In addition, there are few negative conditions, in which thyroid cancer is most often detected. The greatest risk of pathology is observed in people who recognize the influx of such pathological factors:

• Slackness. If the diagnosis was made in a blood relative, there is a high likelihood of transmission of pathological genes in children. To avoid problems, the doctor should treat the vine with the method of prevention.
• Vik. Doctors were able to discover that the highest incidence of illness in adult men and women occurs between the ages of 40 and 45. It is also more common to diagnose cancer in school-aged children, in which case the disease is more aggressive.
• Radioactive modification, exchange therapy. As the body constantly infuses radiation and X-ray stimulation, healthy cells begin to mutate rapidly. As a result, follicular or follicular tissue develops.
• Psychosomatics Due to constant stress and nervous overstrain, the immune system suffers, and the functioning of internal organs is also impaired. As a result of the establishment and proliferation of malignant cells, thyroid cancer in women and men begins to progress.
• Bad beeps. Statistics show that the risk of developing malignant swelling increases in people who are addicted to alcoholic beverages and cigarettes. Bad words found in these products have a negative impact on the body, leading to mutations in healthy cells.

Other reasons

People who have polyps in the large intestine are at risk of developing cancer.

Vaginism, when hormones begin to vibrate differently, can also become a trigger for the progression of oncology. There are a wide range of internal pathologies for which malignant illnesses can begin to develop, such as:

• good and evil knots in the milk vines;
• polyps and oncology localized in the large intestine;
• Gardner's syndrome; Cowden's disease;
• endocrine neoplasia;
• good brushes in the thyroid gland.

Riznovidi

According to the etiology of development, the following types of illness are distinguished:

• Molecular and papillary cancer. A highly differentiated type of swelling that is most often diagnosed. Malignant structures grow rapidly, but there is no metastasis. If the illness is treated correctly, there is no relapse, and the patient will live a long time after treatment.
• Folicular chi differentiation. Most often it is diagnosed in the female half of the summer. Oncology quickly spreads to lymph nodes, as well as metastases in the legs and wrists. At the 1st stage, development is successfully carried out.
• Medullary cancer of the thyroid gland. Rare, but not safe variety. Oncology is most often transmitted genetically and begins to progress at around 45-50 years of age. In case of malignant thyroid disease in men and women, removal of the cervical lymph nodes is indicated.
• Poorly differentiated or anaplastic thyroid cancer. Rare form, which is important to remove. Oncology is characterized by the production of cells atypical for an organ, which quickly divide and spread throughout the body. The sickness is the least friendly, so the mortality rate is high.
• Flat. The mechanism of development and symptoms in women and men is predicted by undifferentiated thyroid cancer. It is important to treat the disease, and if the pathology is diagnosed at stages 2-3, the prognosis for its renewal is poor.

Stages of oncology

The disease progresses in stages and over time spreads to the blood vessels.

The main classification is based on stages:

• At stage 1, the neoplasm is small, localized, metastases are daily.
• At the 2nd stage, increased swelling deforms the bud, and the first metastases appear.
• At the 3rd stage of development, the vascular structures begin to compress, and the expansion of metastases in the lymph node is also prevented.
• As stage 4 progresses, malignant cells sprout from nearby tissue, and the grown organs become infected with metastases.

Classification of cancer according to TNM allows not only to divide oncology into stages, but also to predict the success of therapy and survival.

Symptoms and ailments

At this stage, the symptoms of thyroid cancer are non-existent. Under the skin there is softness, elasticity, which is easy to collapse. During the year, the density of the node becomes greater, and its increase is avoided. At an early stage, lymphovuzol may ignite on the side of the swelling. As the new growth progresses, it looks more voluminous and signs of thyroid cancer appear:

• bіl u shiї;
• discomfort when knitting;
• sensing a foreign object from the gourd;
• hoarseness of voice;
• dry cough that won't go away;
• ass, problems with dikhannyam;
• increase in the size of the veins growing in the neck.

Diagnostics

A fine-head biopsy confirms the doctor's suspicion of an oncological process in the organ.

Characteristic symptoms in men and women that indicate the progression of thyroid cancer may lead to a doctor. After palpation and initial examination, the patient is directed to ultrasound. During the hour of the procedure, you can determine the size of the thyroid gland and the presence of swelling. If there is a suspicion of cancer, a fine-headed oblique biopsy is performed.

This will also help you confirm or make a diagnosis. Oncological markers of the thyroid gland are:

• thyroglobulin (TSH);
• calcitonin.

The TSH norm becomes 20 mg/l. Rhubarb TSH in case of thyroid cancer exceeds 23 mg/l, which means that cancerous processes occur in the tissues of the organ. The REA marker is responsible for its presence in the blood almost every day, and its low level is detected in people who smoke regularly. The tumor marker calcitonin in women is normally 5 ng/l, and in men it is 8. A final blood test will show an accelerated cervical cancer, a fluid deficiency. The following investigation methods are additionally recognized:

• scanning with radioactive iodine;
• MRI, CT;
• chest x-ray;
• laryngoscopy;
• laboratory tests for cancer with leukocyte formula

Thyroid cancer- a malicious knot creation, to be created with the epithelium that naturally functions in the knot.

Thyroid cancer occurs over a quarter of all malignant new growths in the head area. Over the past decade, according to WHO data, the incidence of cancer in the world has doubled. Thyroid cancer usually causes death in 1% of all patients who die from malignant tumors. Among all these evil new creations, the incidence of illness becomes 0.5 - 3.5%. So, per 100,000 population, an average of 0.5-0.6 people and 1.2-1.6 women suffer from thyroid cancer.

In Russia, the highest rates of illness are found in the Bryansk region: 4.9 per 100,000 people and 26.3 per 100,000 women. Also, the most disadvantaged areas and illnesses in the RShchZ are Arkhangelsk, Saratov, Sverdlovsk and Magadan regions.

Officials riziku development of thyroid cancer

Main factors of risk:

1. Iodine deficiency
2. Ionizing viprominuvaniya (Radiation)
3. Slackness (Family history)

Prior to risk factors, it is necessary to detect in patients nodular disorders in the thyroid gland, then. nodular goiters, which recur in their forms, nodular forms of chronic thyroiditis.

Iodine deficiency

Regions of light with a decrease in iodine in water and grub products are endemic for nodular goiter, on which thyroid cancer often develops. In Russia, the Altai Territory and the Republic of Adigea are considered endemic areas.

Ionizing radiation

Since the discovery of this physical phenomenon and until now, the role of this factor as a cause of the development of thyroid cancer has grown sharply. The effect of this factor, first of all, is associated with the absorption of radioactive isotopes iodine (131 I, 125 I) into the body. Thus, it was found that residents of Hirosimi and Nagasaki, who suffered from the explosion of atomic bombs, suffered from thyroid cancer 10 times more often than the Japanese.

In Russia, there was a sharp increase in the incidence of illness in the nuclear power plant, especially in children, in regions that became aware of radioactive contamination after the accident at the Chornobyl Nuclear Power Plant, in the Bryansk, Tula, and Ryazan regions.

Slackness

The risk of development of thyroid cancer is greater in families, where episodes of illness have been identified. The recession form of cancer is associated with recession syndromes of multiple endocrine neoplasia (ME).

Types of thyroid cancer

Histological forms are classified into four types of thyroid cancer: papillary, follicular, medullary and anaplastic.

Papillary cancer the most friendly type. It occurs more frequently in children and adults, and is more common in people aged 30-40. The most important form of thyroid cancer in children. Puffiness most often occurs in one of the cases and in less than 10-15% of patients there is a bilateral disorder.

Papillary carcinoma is increasing in prevalence. Metastases occur in lymph nodes; distant metastases to other organs are rarely avoided.

Follicular cancer occurs in adults with a peak of illness in the 50-55th century. This type of fluff is characterized by high growth. In the later stages, metastases develop in the lymph nodes of the neck, as well as in the cysts, liver and leg. Metastases of follicular cancer preserve the ability to consume iodine and synthesize thyroglobulin.

Medullary cancer may be both independent illnesses and a component of ME syndrome. It is most often detected in the summer group of patients with nodular goiter. Characterized by rapid growth with invasion of adjacent organs and early metastases.

Anaplastic cancer It occurs more often in summer patients with nodular goiter. The aggressive form and early metastasis are of concern. The growth of a plump knot can lead to necrotic decay, swelling and may result in bleeding.

Histogenetic classification of thyroid cancer

Symptoms

Getting sick can be manifested by a variety of symptoms. The stench lies in the stage, the breadth of the plump process and the aggravation of complications. Small swellings of the thyroid gland are not usually accompanied by clinical symptoms but appear occasionally during ultrasound examination. The first reason for referral to a doctor may be the enlargement of one cervical lymph node, which, with further closure, is revealed as a metastasis of thyroid cancer.

Symptoms of thyroid cancer are often similar to the symptoms of colds, sore throats, and infectious illnesses:

• Swelling in the neck. Small nodules on the neck may not be visible until the medicine is taken, but swelling may increase during the course of the training.
• Increase in cervical lymph nodes. However, this symptom often accompanies a cold or sore throat and is not associated with a malignant process.
• Change the timbre of the voice. Sometimes a large thyroid gland will press on the throat, which can cause hoarseness.
• Butt. The reason may be that the thyroid gland has become larger, causing a sound in the trachea.
• Difficulty in forging. The thyroid gland can also be compressed by the thyroid gland.
• My throat hurts. The development of thyroid cancer rarely causes pain, but those associated with other symptoms are a signal to urgently contact a doctor.

Most of these symptoms are associated with the appearance of a thyroid nodule, which is benign in over 95% of cases. Thyroid nodules appear more often, and in the elderly, the risk of their appearance increases. If nodules are detected in the thyroid gland, contact the doctor.

Diagnostics

Ultrasound diagnostics Allows you to identify plump lesions of 2-3 mm, determine the precise topographical growth in the tumor, visualize the invasion of the capsule, evaluate the size and size of the lymphatic nodes of the neck.

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) allows you to obtain a detailed topographical and anatomical picture of the swelling and its relationship with the organs and structures of the neck. This is necessary when planning surgical debridement in case of invasion of swelling to vascular structures.

Computer tomography it is necessary to determine the metastatic infection of the leg and cysts.

Scintigraphy thyroid gland with 125 I, 131 I stasis is important for identifying excess thyroid tissue after surgical treatment, as well as for diagnosing relapses. Vaughn allows you to assess the extent of metastases and consume iodine during the planning of radioiodine therapy.

Osteoscintyrgaphy allows you to assess the presence/existence of metastatic lesions of the skeletal cysts.

Fine head aspiration biopsy It is important to analyze under ultrasound control, which allows for the precise removal of material for cytological examination, which allows for the diagnosis to be verified in most cases. Tab of suspected lymphatic nodes makes it possible to establish the metastatic nature of the infection.

Positron emics tomography (PET) reveals the middle of advanced metabolic activity, is used for diagnosing metastases of thyroid cancer, which do not accumulate iodine and are not detected by scintigraphy.

Laboratory research

Calcitonin: a thyroid hormone that is produced by C-clits. (Norm: 0-11.5 pg/ml). Significant hormone shifts are avoided in case of medullary cancer, due to the shift of joints from the stage of illness and the size of the swelling.

Thyroglobulin: an important level for differentiated thyroid cancer allows you to control the recurrence of swelling. After thyroidectomy, the level of thyroglobulin is expected to approach zero.

Staging thyroid cancer

Likuvannya

Basically, the Lіkuvannya Metal Magnic on the thyroid cancer-the chirurgist likovannia at the rates of radioidotherapy, targeted therapy, and the same distance gamma-therapy is shown.

Surgical treatment

The obligation of prompt delivery lies with us before the stage of illness, as a result of which the evil process has expanded. In addition, treatment is determined by the morphological variant of the patient’s swelling and age.

In patients with papillary and follicular cancer at low stages, hemithyroidectomy can be completed - removal of one part with excess or resection of the isthmus. With widened swelling (T1-3N0M0), the entire thyroid gland becomes visible. At the later stages of the malignant process, extravascular total thyroidectomy with removed lymph nodes is considered.

When medullary, undifferentiated and papillary cancer was diagnosed, in all cases a total removal of the tumor was indicated - thyroidectomy.

If the lymphatic nodes have metastases, a cervical lymphadenectomy is performed; in some cases, an extended cervical lymphadenectomy with resection of the vascular organs and structures, depending on the breadth of the process.

Radioiodine therapy After surgical treatment, patients with RPD are prescribed radioiodine therapy to reduce possible micrometastases and excess thyroid tissue (131 I).

Remote exchange therapy: the standard of care is to carry out neoadjuvant (preoperative) therapy for patients with undifferentiated and squamous cancer.

Suppressive hormonal therapy (SHT) Indicated for patients with papillary and follicular cancer as a component of complex treatment after surgery to suppress the secretion of thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH).

Chemotherapy indicated for medullary and undifferentiated thyroid cancer.

Targeted therapy It is proposed for the treatment of medullary and radioiodine-resistant forms of differentiated thyroid cancer.

Cautious forecast

Terms of caution

• 1st river after the feast – once every 3 months
• 2nd – 3rd day after the feast – once every 4 months
• 4th – 5th river after the feast – once every 6 months
• 6th and coming days after the feast - 1 time per river